Differential Effects of Red Meat/Refined Grain Diet and Dairy/Chicken/Nuts/Whole Grain Diet on Glucose, Insulin and Triglyceride in a Randomized Crossover Study

Abstract

Epidemiological studies suggest that a diet high in processed meat, with a high glycemic index is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. It is not clear if this is due to altered insulin sensitivity or an enhanced postprandial glucose. We aimed to compare the acute metabolic response of two different types of meals after ingestion of the matching diet for four weeks. The study was a randomized, crossover acute meal study. Volunteers consumed either a red meat/refined grain meal or a dairy/chicken/nuts/wholegrain meal after four weeks of the matching diet. After a three-week washout period and four weeks of the alternate diet, they consumed the matching meal. The diets differed with respect to both protein and carbohydrate sources. Blood samples were taken for 180 min for the measurement of glucose, insulin, C-peptide and triglyceride. Fifty-one participants (age: 35.1 ± 15.6 years; body mass index: 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, 17 with normal and 34 with impaired glucose tolerance) completed two meal tests. The area under the curve (p < 0.001) and incremental area under the curve (p = 0.001) for insulin was significantly higher after the red meat/refined grain diet than after the dairy/chicken/nuts/whole grain diet. There was an interaction between meal and glucose tolerance group (p < 0.05) in the area under the curve (AUC) and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of glucose; the red meat/refined grain diet increased glucose relative to the dairy/chicken/nuts/whole grain diet only in the normal group (+2.5 mmol/L/3 h). The red meat/refined grain diet increased glucose and insulin responses compared with the dairy/chicken/nuts/whole grain diet. This meal pattern would increase pancreatic stress long term and may account for the increased risk of type 2 diabetes with this diet.

The relationship between pre‐pregnancy dietary patterns adherence and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in Iran: A case–control study

“…Fruits and vegetables have adequate antioxidant components, as well as supplying fibre and micronutrients . Dietary fibre in nuts, fruits and vegetables decreases the speed of gastric depletion and consequently, slowing glucose absorption . Low fat dairy intake is associated with increasing intracellular calcium that can lead to insulin secretion and improvement of glucose absorption .…”

“…26,27 The results of the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) and other observational studies that were mentioned above showed that adherence to these dietary patterns is associated with control of serum glucose and reduced risk of GDM and T2DM. 1,[26][27][28] The prudent dietary pattern with having fruits and root vegetables (source of antioxidants, dietary fibre, phytochemical and micronutrients such as magnesium and vitamin C), [29][30][31] nuts (source of dietary fibre, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and micronutrients), [32][33][34][35][36] low-fat dairy (source of calcium, magnesium, whey protein and probiotic organism), 25,31,37,38 fish (source of omega 3 and vitamin D) 7,39,40 and poultry (source of proteins, PUFA and micronutrients) 36,41 can reduce the risk of GDM and T2DM.…”

“…42 Dietary fibre in nuts, fruits and vegetables decreases the speed of gastric depletion and consequently, slowing glucose absorption. 34 Low fat dairy intake is associated with increasing intracellular calcium that can lead to insulin secretion and improvement of glucose absorption. 25 Besides, whey proteins increase postprandial serum amino acid, leading to the increase of insulin, the incretin hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and improving insulin sensitivity.…”

Which foods are displaced in the diets of adults with type 2 diabetes with the inclusion of eggs in their diets? A randomized, controlled, crossover trial

“…16 Diets rich in red meat and refined grains have been shown to increase glucose and insulin response, which may increase pancreatic stress that could in turn increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. 17 The inclusion of eggs in the diets of our study participants did not show any meaningful change in the consumption of dairy products, while the exclusion of eggs in the diets led to a significant reduction. The effects of dairy products on type 2 diabetes are controversial.…”

Adherence to a Low Carbohydrate Diet may Modify Resting Metabolic Rate among Overweight and Obese Women

“…More indirect support for the association between RMR and insulin comes from studies describing higher RMR in individuals with type 2 diabetes, contrasted with non-diabetics, which has been suggested, is due to insulin resistance [36]. Re ned grains had diminished insulin sensitivity, and one of the rst responses to alternations in insulin sensitivity is the change in hepatic insulin clearance rates [40]. The physiological mechanisms responsible for elevated RMR in individuals with insulin resistance are poorly understood.…”