Differential interleukin‐6 mRNA expression in <i>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</i> infection of susceptible and resistant strains of mice

Bao, Shisan; Cole, Nerida; Willcox, Mark; Beagley, Kenneth W.; Zhou, Yafen; Husband, Alan J.

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00946.x

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…IL-6 and IL-8 have been reported to play an essential role in directing mechanisms which regulate inflammation (Moldawer 1994). During parasitic infections, IL-6 was postulated to play a central role in host defense mechanism by altering both inflammatory and immune responses (Bao et al 2000). Long et al (2001) have observed that culture filtrates of B. hominis significantly elevated the release of IL-8 gene expression in human colonic epithelial cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary hyaluronidase activity in rats infected with Blastocystis hominis—evidence for invasion?

et al. 2010

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The fact whether Blastocystis hominis can invade has always been in question. Apart from a few sporadic studies such as that done on gnotobiotic guinea pigs which showed surface invasion and mucosal inflammation of the host's intestine caused by B. hominis infection, no real documentation of invasion has been proven. Studies have shown that hyaluronidase is secreted during the penetration into the host's skin and gut by nematode parasites. Hyaluronidase activity in protozoa namely Entamoeba histolytica has also been described previously. This study attempts to determine hyaluronidase in urine samples of B. hominis-infected rats. The presence of hyaluronidase in urine provides an indirect evidence of invasion by B. hominis into colonic epithelium causing the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins namely hyaluronic acid (HA). HA is depolymerized by hyaluronidase which may be used by organisms to invade one another. In this study, the levels of urinary hyaluronidase of Sprague-Dawley rats infected with B. hominis were monitored for 30 days. Hyaluronidase levels in the infected rats were significantly higher on days 28 and 30 compared to the day before inoculation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). During this stage, parasitic burden in infected stools was also at a high level. Proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the serum of infected rats. The study demonstrates that since no other pathogen was present and that amoeboid forms of the parasites have been shown to exist previously, the elevated levels of hyaluronidase in this preliminary finding suggests that the organism is capable of having invasion or penetration activity in the hosts' intestine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary hyaluronidase activity in rats infected with Blastocystis hominis—evidence for invasion?

et al. 2010

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“…We are of the opinion that the role of IL‐6 in parasitic infections is more general and important than hitherto recognized. Supporting this view are studies that show high levels of IL‐6 in T. crassiceps infections, 29,30 the increase in the number of gut cells expressing IL‐6 mRNA in sheep immunized with Trichosirongylus colubrofonizis , 31 the association between IL‐6 and host immunity in mice infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis , 32 S. mansoni ‐induced synthesis of IL‐6 in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, 33 the requirement of IL‐6 in host resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infections, 34 and the correlation between local and systemic IL‐6 levels and inflammatory responses in experimental 35 and in human schistosomiasis 36 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Induction of immunoglobulin G1, interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐10 by Taenia crassiceps metacestode carbohydrates

et al. 2002

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SUMMARYT helper type 2 (Th2) -polarized immune responses are characteristically dominant in helminth infections. Two murine models that show a Th1 to Th2 polarization with infection progression are those of Schistosoma mansoni and Taenia crassiceps. In both, an early Th1 response is replaced by a late Th2 response. We report that the nucleic acid-, protein-and lipid-free carbohydrate fraction of T. crassiceps metacestodes (denoted T-CHO) possesses Th2-like immunomodulatory activity. Immunization of two strains of rats (Dark Agouti and Albino Oxford) and BALB/c mice with chicken albumin in the presence of T-CHO resulted in selective enhancement of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibodies, considered to be associated with Th2 responses in both rats and mice. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) followed by IL-10 were the dominant cytokines detected in in vitro cultures of mouse spleen cells stimulated with T-CHO. IL-4 and IL-5 were not detected in these culture supernates. Furthermore, Taenia carbohydrates were mitogenic to spleen cells, activated serine phosphorylation of proteins and up-regulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. When mouse spleen cells were cultured in the presence of Taenia carbohydrates, a concentrationdependent down-regulation of IL-2 and an overlapping up-regulation of IL-6 secretion were seen.

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“…IL6 is a cytokine and has both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties [ 85 – 87 ]. MCs of both mammals and fish have been known to produce IL6 [ 88 , 89 ]. As a modulator of the immune system [ 90 , 91 ], IL6 is rapidly upregulated in response to pathogens or to other pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL1-β or TNF-α [ 85 , 89 , 91 , 92 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In E. lucius , we observed that anti-IL6 immunoreactive MCs were significantly higher in number in the infected intestine, in comparison to uninfected fish. Bao et al [ 88 ] reported increased levels of IL6 mRNA in the gut of resistant mice (BALB/c) infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis . The high levels of IL6 mRNA were closely associated with gut eosinophilia and mastocytosis in the resistant strain of mice [ 88 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bao et al [ 88 ] reported increased levels of IL6 mRNA in the gut of resistant mice (BALB/c) infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis . The high levels of IL6 mRNA were closely associated with gut eosinophilia and mastocytosis in the resistant strain of mice [ 88 ]. Apparently, in teleosts, pathogenic stimuli induced an enhanced expression of IL6 [ 85 , 91 , 94 , 95 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pike intestinal reaction to Acanthocephalus lucii (Acanthocephala): immunohistochemical and ultrastructural surveys

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe Northern pike, Esox lucius, is a large, long-lived, top-predator fish species and occupies a broad range of aquatic environments. This species is on its way to becoming an important model organism and has the potential to contribute new knowledge and a better understanding of ecology and evolutionary biology. Very few studies have been done on the intestinal pathology of pike infected with helminths. The present study details the first Italian record of adult Acanthocephalus lucii reported in the intestine of E. lucius.ResultsA total of 22 pike from Lake Piediluco (Central Italy) were examined, of which 16 (72.7%) were infected with A. lucii. The most affected areas of gastrointestinal tract were the medium and distal intestine. The intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 18 parasites per host. Acanthocephalus lucii penetrated mucosal and submucosal layers which had a high number of mast cells (MCs) with an intense degranulation. The cellular elements involved in the immune response within the intestine of pike were assessed by ultrastructural techniques and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against met-enkephalin, immunoglobulin E (IgE)-like receptor (FCεRIγ), histamine, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, substance P, lysozyme, serotonin, inducible-nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the antimicrobial peptide piscidin 3 (P3). In intestines of the pike, several MCs were immunopositive to 9 out of the 11 aforementioned antibodies and infected fish had a higher number of positive MCs when compared to uninfected fish.ConclusionsPike intestinal tissue response to A. lucii was documented. Numerous MCs were seen throughout the mucosa and submucosal layers. In infected and uninfected intestines of pike, MCs were the dominant immune cell type encountered; they are the most common granulocyte type involved in several fish-helminth systems. Immunopositivity of MCs to 9 out of 11 antibodies is of great interest and these cells could play an important key role in the host response to an enteric helminth. This is the first report of A. lucii in an Italian population of E. lucius and the first account on positivity of MCs to piscidin 3 and histamine in a non-perciform fish.

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Differential interleukin‐6 mRNA expression in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection of susceptible and resistant strains of mice

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Urinary hyaluronidase activity in rats infected with Blastocystis hominis—evidence for invasion?

Urinary hyaluronidase activity in rats infected with Blastocystis hominis—evidence for invasion?

Induction of immunoglobulin G1, interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐10 by Taenia crassiceps metacestode carbohydrates

Pike intestinal reaction to Acanthocephalus lucii (Acanthocephala): immunohistochemical and ultrastructural surveys

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