“…A fourth and final psychosocial implication of biological maturation comes from well-documented associations between early pubertal maturation and higher rates of negative affect (including clinical depression) among girls (Aro & Taipale, 1987;Ge et al, 2003;Graber, Brooks-Gunn, & Warren, in press;Hayward et al, 1997;Stice, Presnell, & Bearman, 2001) and higher rates of problem behavior (including antisocial behavior and substance use) among both girls (Dick, Rose, Pulkkinen, & Kaprio, 2001;Flannery, Rowe, & Gulley, 1993;Ge, Conger, & Elder, 1996;Graber, Brooks-Gunn, & Galen, 1999;Magnusson, Stättin, & Allen, 1986;Stice et al, 2001;Wiesner & Ittel, 2002;Wichstrom, 2001) and boys (Andersson & Magnusson, 1990;Dick et al, 2001;Silbereisen, Kracke, & Crockett, 1990;Wichstrom, 2001;Williams & Dunlop, 1999). Prevailing theories point to two potential mechanisms for this connection: (1) the negative impact of puberty on body image among girls (Petersen, 1988;Wichstrom, 2001) and (2) the increased likelihood of early maturers having older friends, which may lead early maturers to experiment with various risky behaviors when they are younger and relatively immature (Magnusson et al, 1986).…”