Differential Metabolic Profiles during the Developmental Stages of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Abstract

Meloidogyne incognita is a common root-knot nematode with a wide range of plant hosts. We aimed to study the metabolites produced at each stage of the nematode life cycle to understand its development. Metabolites of Meloidogyne incognita were extracted at egg, J2, J3, J4, and female stages and 110 metabolites with available standards were quantified using CE-TOF/MS. Analyses indicated abundance of stage-specific metabolites with the exception of J3 and J4 stages which shared similar metabolic profiles. The egg stage showed increased abundance in glycolysis and energy metabolism related metabolites while the J2 metabolites are associated with tissue formation, motility, and neurotransmission. The J3 and J4 stages indicated amino acid metabolism and urea cycle- related metabolites. The female stage was characterized with polyamine synthesis, antioxidant activity, and synthesis of reproduction related metabolites. Such metabolic profiling helps us understand the dynamic physiological changes related to each developmental stage of the root-knot nematode life cycle.

Genome expression dynamics reveals parasitism regulatory landscape of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognitaand a promoter motif associated with effector genes

“…As reported in a previous study, our data analyses also suggest the differential regulation of genes involved in various basic biological processes (e.g. carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism [64]), the semaphorin/plexin pathway, and cell adhesion and cuticle formation). At this step of lifecycle, a dampening of expression of genes related to stress responses occurs (e.g superoxide dismutase activity, oxidoreductase activity, L-ascorbic acid binding), suggesting that the host is no longer a threat for the parasitic animal, or the threat is no longer of concern since the adult female basically dies while extruding eggs in a gelatinous protective matrix on the root surface.…”

Genome Expression Dynamics Reveal the Parasitism Regulatory Landscape of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita and a Promoter Motif Associated with Effector Genes

“…Finally, to complete the M. incognita lifecycle, a comparison of the egg to the adult female stages showed a diverse array of gene expression changes necessary for embryogenesis which, in a sense, marks the achievement of nematode parasitism with the production of offspring. As reported in a previous study, our data analyses also suggest the differential regulation of genes involved in various basic biological processes (e.g., carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism [ 64 ], the semaphorin/plexin pathway, and cell adhesion and cuticle formation). At this step of the lifecycle, a dampening of expression of genes related to stress responses occurs (e.g., superoxide dismutase activity, oxidoreductase activity, L-ascorbic acid binding), suggesting that the host is no longer a threat for the parasitic animal, or the threat is no longer of concern since the adult female basically dies while extruding eggs in a gelatinous protective matrix on the root surface.…”

Metabolomics analysis elucidates unique influences on purine / pyrimidine metabolism by xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors in a rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury

“…Absolute quantification was performed for 110 metabolites, including glycolytic and TCA cycle intermediates, amino acids, and nucleic acids, as previously described (Subramanian et al 2017). All metabolite concentrations were calculated by normalizing the peak area of each metabolite to the area of the internal standard and by using standard curves obtained by single-point (100 μM) calibrations.…”