Differential receptor arrays and assays for solution-based molecular recognition

Abstract

Nature has inspired an emergent supramolecular field of synthetic receptor arrays and assays for the pattern-based recognition of various bioanalytes and metal species. The synthetic receptors are not necessarily selective for a particular analyte, but the combined signal response from the array is diagnostic for the analyte. This tutorial review describes recent work in the literature for this emerging supramolecular field and details basic array and assay design principles. We review the analytes targeted, signaling types used, and pattern recognition. Developing specific receptors for the solution-based analysis of complex analytes and mixtures is a daunting task. A solution to this difficult task has been inspired by nature's use of arrays of receptors in the senses of taste and smell. An emerging field within supramolecular chemistry is the use of synthetic and readily available receptors in array formats for the detection of analytes in solution. Each receptor in a differential array does not necessarily have selectivity for a particular analyte, but the combined fingerprint response can be extracted as a diagnostic pattern visually, or using chemometric tools. This new genre of molecular recognition is advancing rapidly with several groups developing novel array platforms and receptors.

Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. A comprehensive review of the year 2009

“…In fact patter recognition using chromogenic differential receptors has become an active research field in the last years. 91 In this example the authors developed an array of complex-dye ensembles to test the potential detection of certain carboxylates. 92 As sensing systems the authors combined ligands 50-58 ( Figure 17 The same research group used a similar concept for the differential recognition of small peptides and their phosphorylated analogues.…”

Detection and differentiation of normal, cancerous, and metastatic cells using nanoparticle-polymer sensor arrays

“…The specific interactions involved between the reporter elements and the analyte are noncovalent and reversible. This approach provides an alternative to ''lock-key'' specific recognition (24) and has been used to detect metal ions (25), volatile agents (26), aromatic amines (27), amino acids (28,29), and carbohydrates (25). In recent research we have demonstrated that the displacement of fluorescent polymers from differentially functionalized gold nanoparticles with concomitant restoration of fluorescence provides an effective array-based method for the identification of proteins (30).…”

Quimiossensores cromogênicos e fluorogênicos para a detecção de analitos aniônicos

“…As línguas e narizes dos mamíferos, repletos de arranjos de receptores "diferenciais" para o paladar e o olfato, 130,147 têm inspirado o conceito de arranjos de receptores diferenciais sintéticos, 130,132,148 que transcendem a relativa falta de especificidade para determinados analitos pela geração de impressões digitais que cada analito deixa ao ficar em contato com o arranjo. Aqui também são necessárias as mesmas estratégias de reconhecimento usadas para os quimiossensores individuais.…”

“…Entretanto, os padrões de aquisição de dados e de interpretação dos padrões de reconhecimento são diferentes, necessitando agora estarem fortemente ancorados em ferramentas qui mio métricas. 130,148,149 Elas são fundamentais para a geração e interpretação das impressões digitais por parte de cada analito presente no sistema sob análise, o que permite obter respostas às interrogações feitas sobre misturas complexas. Essa estratégia combinada leva à detecção simultânea de vários analitos e esse conceito tem revolucionado a concepção das línguas eletrônicas, 150 dispositivos para a análise simultânea de múltiplos analitos em solução, e narizes eletrônicos, 124,151 para analisar simultaneamente analitos múltiplos em fase gasosa.…”