Differential Suspicion: Theory Specification and Gender Effects in the Traffic Stop Context

Smith, Michael R.; Makarios, Matthew D.; Alpert, Geoffrey P.

doi:10.1080/07418820600688883

Cited by 66 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Racial disparity exists, and the race of the driver impacted the traffic stop decision-making of officers examined in this dissertation. These results are similar to previous studies which found that racial minorities were more likely to be stopped by police compared to Whites (Alpert et al, 2005;Alpert et al, 2007;Engel & Calnon, 2004;Jacobs, 1979;Lundman & Kaufman, 2003;Miller, 2008;Novak, 2004;Novak & Chamlin, 2012;Petrocelli et al, 2003;Rojek et al, 2004;Smith et al, 2006;Stolzenberg et al, 2004;Warren et al, 2006;Withrow, 2004aWithrow, , 2004bWithrow, , 2007. The finding that Black drivers were more likely to be cited is also similar to previous studies (Barnum & Perfetti, 2010;Ingram, 2007;Tillyer & Engel, 2013).…”

Section: All Similarly Situated White and Black Driverssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In racial profiling literature, studies concerned with the gender of the driver are focused on how the gender of the driver impacts the likelihood of racial profiling by the police. Researchers have found that police officers were more likely to stop, search, arrest, check records, and use force with male drivers (Barnum & Perfetti, 2010;Farrell, 2011;Higgins et al, 2008;Lundman, 1979;Smith et al, 2006;Smith & Petrocelli, 2001). Among male drivers, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians were more likely to be involved with police in stops, searches, arrests, records checks, and use of force (Cochran & Warren, 2012;Higgins et al, 2008;Lundman, 1979;Lundman & Kowalski, 2009;Moon & Corley, 2007;Schafer, Carter, KatzBannister, & Wells, 2006;Terrill & Reisig, 2003;Tillyer & Engel, 2013 Survey (PPCS, a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, N =10,317).…”

Section: Gender Bias From Traffic Stop Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, some studies in criminology and criminal justice have shown that racial minorities are more likely to be stopped by the police than Whites (Alpert, Dunham, & Smith, 2007;Alpert, MacDonald, & Dunham, 2005;Engel & Calnon, 2004;Jacobs, 1979;Lundman & Kaufman, 2003;Miller, 2008;Novak, 2004;Novak & Chamlin, 2012;Petrocelli, Piquero, & Smith, 2003;Rojek, Rosenfeld, & Decker, 2004;Smith, Makarios, & Alpert, 2006;Stolzenberg, D'Alessio, & Eitle, 2004;Warren, Tomaskovic-Devey, Smith, Zingraff, & Mason, 2006;Withrow, 2004a;Withrow 2004b;Withrow, 2007).…”

Section: Racial Bias From Traffic Stop Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These profiles were typically based on a person's race, yet were also influenced based on the gender and age of the individual (Smith & Alpert, 2007). Smith et al (2006) found that police officers were more suspicious of male drivers and Black and Hispanic drivers during a traffic stop.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Racial profiling : using propensity score matching to examine focal concerns theory.

Vito

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Section: All Similarly Situated White and Black Driverssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Gender Bias From Traffic Stop Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Racial Bias From Traffic Stop Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Racial profiling : using propensity score matching to examine focal concerns theory.

Vito

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“…Sykes, Fox et Clark (1976) rapportent que les policiers de sexe masculin font davantage preuve de tolérance à l'endroit des femmes, même lorsqu'elles sont grossières et sont verbalement agressives. Smith, Makarios et Alpert (2006) avancent que les policiers se montrent plus suspicieux à l'endroit des conducteurs masculins, ce qui expliquerait leur interception plus fréquente. À l'opposé, Koehler et Willis (1994) trouvent que les policières donnent proportionnellement plus de constats d'infraction aux femmes comparativement aux policiers.…”

Section: Facteurs Liés Au Conducteur Et à L'infractionunclassified

Pouvoir discrétionnaire, infractions routières et interventions policières

Blais

Couture²,

Boivin

et al. 2017

crimino

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Cet article adopte une conception perceptuelle du pouvoir discrétionnaire afin de comprendre le processus décisionnel des patrouilleurs dans le cadre de leurs activités de sécurité routière. Plus précisément, l’article relève les éléments pris en considération par les policiers lorsqu’ils décident d’intercepter les automobilistes qui commettent une infraction et, par la suite, de donner un constat d’infraction. Pour y arriver, 19 entretiens semi-directifs ont été réalisés auprès de patrouilleurs (n = 15) et directeurs de poste (n = 4). Les résultats montrent que les infractions graves mènent presque automatiquement à l’interception et l’émission d’un constat d’infraction. Lorsque les infractions entrent dans la zone de tolérance des policiers, que les policiers sont de mauvaise humeur et qu’ils vivent des contraintes de temps, le risque d’interception est révisé à la baisse. Une fois interceptés, les jeunes conducteurs et ceux ayant une mauvaise attitude sont plus souvent sanctionnés. Les policiers qui croient à l’efficacité du constat sont plus susceptibles d’en décerner. Enfin, les résultats indiquent que chaque décision est le résultat d’interactions entre différentes contraintes normatives liées au policier, à l’automobiliste et à son infraction, à l’environnement routier et à l’organisation policière.The discretionary power of police officers is examined as a way to understand their decision-making process when enforcing traffic safety rules and the factors involved in decisions to stop and discipline drivers who violate traffic safety rules are identified. Nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with patrol officers (n=15) and division chiefs (n=4). Results indicate that serious infringements almost automatically lead to a stop and a citation. Infringements that fall within the tolerance zone of police officers, police officers being in a bad mood, and time constraints are all associated with a lower risk of interception. Once stopped, young drivers and those with a bad attitude are more likely to be ticketed. Drivers are also more likely to receive a citation when police officers believe that the citation will have some effect. Finally, results suggest that each decision is the result of interactions between a combination of factors : various normative constraints held by the police officer, the nature of the driver and the infringement, the road environment, and the police organization.Este artículo adopta una concepción perceptual del poder discrecional, con el fin de entender el proceso decisional de los patrulleros, en el marco de sus actividades de seguridad vial. Más específicamente, el artículo pone en relieve los elementos tomados en cuenta por los policías cuando deciden interceptar a los automovilistas que cometen una infracción, y, luego, emitir una declaración de infracción. Para ello, se realizaron 19 entrevistas semi-directivas a patrulleros (n=15) y a jefes de policía (n=4). Los resultados muestran que las infracciones graves llevan, casi automáticamente, a la intercepción y a la ...

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Chivalry and Arrests

Wagner

2019

The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime

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Chivalry refers to a system of social norms between genders where men act as the protectors of women. Throughout the twentieth century, criminologists proposed that agents of the male‐dominated criminal justice system act upon chivalrous codes of behavior resulting in more lenient treatment of female offenders. Studies examining arrests and police decision‐making processes in reference to female offending are inconsistent, leaving the extent and magnitude of chivalry during the arrest process still unclear.

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Differential Suspicion: Theory Specification and Gender Effects in the Traffic Stop Context

Cited by 66 publications

References 45 publications

Racial profiling : using propensity score matching to examine focal concerns theory.

Racial profiling : using propensity score matching to examine focal concerns theory.

Pouvoir discrétionnaire, infractions routières et interventions policières

Chivalry and Arrests

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