Differentiated integration: towards a new model of European Union–Turkey relations?

Cianciara, Agnieszka K.; Szymański, Adam

doi:10.1080/14683849.2019.1618190

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In contrast to that hypothesized above, increasingly Eurosceptic discourses in central and eastern Europe in recent years (Cianciara, 2014;Börzel and Risse, 2020) may also have produced greater support for differentiated integration, even if citizens in this region were primarily exposed to involuntarily differentiation, here than in the rest of the EU. I therefore hypothesise:…”

Section: Conceptualizing Support For Differentiated Integrationmentioning

confidence: 66%

Opting for Opt‐outs? National Identities and Support for a Differentiated EU

Moland

2023

J of Common Market Studies

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A large literature investigates individual support for European integration. However, support for differentiated integration has only recently become an important topic of study for public opinion scholars. Previous literature on this issue has not probed how differentiated integration is shaped by exclusively national identities, and whether the effect varies by how differentiation has been implemented. Using survey data from 2020-21, I show that exclusively national citizens are most likely to support differentiated integration that allows for greater national autonomy and may oppose differentiation whose primary goal it is to facilitate further integration. I also find that the effect of national identity on such support is largely independent of whether differentiation has been voluntarily chosen by governments or externally imposed by the EU. This raises important questions both about what kind of differentiated integration will enjoy public legitimacy and how regional contexts shape support for EU differentiation.

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Section: Conceptualizing Support For Differentiated Integrationmentioning

confidence: 66%

Opting for Opt‐outs? National Identities and Support for a Differentiated EU

Moland

2023

J of Common Market Studies

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“…Building on postfunctionalist arguments (Hooghe & Marks, 2009: 1), interdependences are a necessary but not a sufficient variable of differentiation. Politicization in the sense of 'an increase in polarization of opinions, interests or values and the extent to which they are publicly advanced towards the process of policy formulation' is the variable that completes the picture (Schimmelfennig et al, 2015: 771;Saatçioglu, 2020: 169;Cianciara & Szymański, 2020). While interdependences are drivers of integration, politicization is an obstacle to it.…”

Section: Theoretical Considerations On the Explanatory Value Of Differentiated Integration For Eu-turkey Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Literature on differentiated integration in EU-Turkey relations has a strong focus on functional cooperation (see Müftüler-Baç, 2017;Cianciara & Szymański, 2020;Saatçioglu, 2020). Yet, a constructivist assessment of the consensus on legitimate constitutional ideas deserves further attention in future studies, because so far it has been underrepresented in research on EU-Turkey relations.…”

Section: Conclusion and Outlook On The Differentiated Future Of Eu-turkey Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiated Integration: An Alternative Conceptualization of EU–Turkey Relations

Tekin

2021

EU-Turkey Relations

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This chapter introduces the concept of differentiated integration and discusses its explanatory value in view of the EU–Turkey relationship. The major aim is to elaborate whether variable geometries as a form of differentiation constituting different and sometimes even overlapping forms of association and integration with different member and non-member states can provide a soft-landing from the fallout of Turkey’s EU accession process. The chapter sets out the many faces of differentiation and examines how the conceptual approach is perceived in the European and Turkish debates. The analysis also provides a concise overview on how differentiated integration is embedded in the logics of the main European integration theories. This conceptual discussion is complemented by a detailed outline of the variable geometries that already exist in EU–Turkey relations resulting from the three distinct forms of bilateral dialogue: accession process, functional cooperation, and cooperation in international organizations. The chapter concludes by linking the empirical findings back to the conceptual analysis, thereby discussing the limits of the explanatory value of the concept as well as highlighting the modernization of the Customs Union as a potential starting point for a differentiated future of EU–Turkey relations.

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“…Yakın dönemde Türkiye örneği üzerinden yayımlanan sınırlı sayıda çalışma, mevcut ve olası harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon modelleri hakkında kavramsal analizler (bkz. Karakas, 2013;Müftüler-Baç, 2017;Turhan, 2017;2018;Cianciara ve Szymański, 2020) ve AB-Türkiye arasında kalkınma ve ticaret politikalarında gerçekleşen farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonun ampirik tahlili (Cihangir-Tetik ve Müftüler-Baç, 2018; Özer, 2020) gibi konulara yoğunlaşmıştır. Aslında Türkiye, bir yandan üyelik perspektifi oldukça zayıflamış bir aday ülke, bir yandan da AB'nin önde gelen politika alanlarında "kilit ortağı" (European Commission, 2021a, s.2) olarak AB'nin üçüncü ülkelerle harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonunu incelemek açısından oldukça uygun ve önemli bir örnek teşkil etmektedir.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Turkey’s External Differentiated Integration With the Eu in the Context of Integrated Border Management and Its Relations With Frontex

Yıldız

Turhan

2022

İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

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The increasing (asymmetrical) interdependence between the European Union (EU) and third countries amidst globalization has increased the importance of the partial adoption of EU norms by non-EU countries. Accordingly, academic studies on external differentiated integration, which is broadly defined as the implementation of certain parts of the EU acquis beyond the borders of the Union, gained importance. Turkey serves as an important case for external differentiated integration studies with its dual role both as a candidate country with a fading membership perspective and as a strategic partner of the EU in various policy areas. In recent years, the EU has placed the transfer of its border management norms at the center of its dialogue with Turkey for the management of irregular migration flows. Accordingly, border management is a very convenient policy area to analyze Turkey’s external differentiated integration with the EU from both conceptual and empirical perspectives. This study analyzes the limits and drivers of Turkey’s external differentiated integration with the EU in the field of border management. It focuses on two key issues in this policy area: the implementation of the Integrated Border Management (IBM) system by Turkey and of the functional cooperation with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency FRONTEX. The theoretical part of the article conceptualizes external differentiated integration and its drivers based on different policy transfer models and literature mapping. In the empirical part, the scope of differentiated integration in the implementation of IBM and cooperation with FRONTEX is examined based on the European Commission Turkey reports. The factors affecting the scope and limits of integration are revealed by utilizing the mapping presented in the theoretical part of the article. The main argument of the article is that while attractive and reliable incentives facilitate Turkey’s integration with the EU in the field of border management, sectoral politicization and high adaptation costs negatively affect the success of external differentiated integration.

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Differentiated integration: towards a new model of European Union–Turkey relations?

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Opting for Opt‐outs? National Identities and Support for a Differentiated EU

Opting for Opt‐outs? National Identities and Support for a Differentiated EU

Differentiated Integration: An Alternative Conceptualization of EU–Turkey Relations

Turkey’s External Differentiated Integration With the Eu in the Context of Integrated Border Management and Its Relations With Frontex

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