Differentiation and Balance of Minerals During Transformation of the Open Surface of Arable Soils Under the Impact of Rain

Some Peculiarities of Arable Soil Organic Matter Detection Using Optical Remote Sensing Data

“…In our research, we are dealing with the physical soil crust, which is a very thin layer formed as a result of the breakdown of soil surface aggregates under the impact of atmospheric precipitation and the redistribution of the formed soil material. According to our previous research on the formation of soil crust and data acquired in micromorphological and microtomographic analysis, the thickness of the well-developed soil crust formed on soils of the European part of Russia is about 1 to 2 mm, and it varies spatially (Figure 2b,c) [41]. We think that it would be more correct to call such a thin layer a microlayer.…”

“…The soil crust formed under the impact of rainfall is a microlayer, w microstructure, texture, and mineralogy from the underlying soil horizon a spectral reflectance [36,38,41,77]. Several studies tried to connect the chan face properties due to the formation of soil crust to the changes in soil spec For example, [38] related the difference in spectral reflectance between th underlying layer in the range of 1.2 to 2.5 μm to changes in mineralogy during crust formation.…”

“…In 2017, we conducted a model experiment, wherein we exposed the samples of ploughed horizons of three soil types, including the studied soil from the test field, to the impact of atmospheric precipitation [40,41]. We put soil samples in rectangular plastic boxes and left them outside, periodically taking photos of the soil surface (Figure 3).…”

“…In 2017, we conducted a model experiment, wherein we exposed t ploughed horizons of three soil types, including the studied soil from the te impact of atmospheric precipitation [40,41]. We put soil samples in recta boxes and left them outside, periodically taking photos of the soil surface (F According to our results, which are in accordance with [33], the longer face was subjected to rainfall, the less soil aggregates were left there and the soil material formed as a result of the breakdown of soil surface aggregates 4).…”

“…Rainfall splash causes the breakdown of soil surface aggregates and the redistribution of formed soil material which is partially transported as a lateral surface flow and partially washed in soil surface pores, causing the sealing of the soil surface and the formation of the soil crust [30][31][32][33][34]. Studies on the impact of rainfall on the soil surface show that it results in changes in the soil surface organic matter content, mineral composition, and texture as well as soil surface reflectance [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. The longer the surface of non-irrigated arable soils is left untreated under the influence of atmospheric precipitation, the more its spectral properties and material composition change and the greater the difference between its properties and the properties of the underlying part of the arable horizon becomes [40,42].…”