Differentiation in the European Union and beyond

Hooghe, Liesbet; Marks, Gary

doi:10.1177/14651165221127885

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…At the end of the day, only if the medium-and long-term benefits and costs on various dimensions of the EU's multilevel system of governance can be estimated, serious evaluations of DI are possible. In addition, the study of DI and its consequences in European governance would benefit from systematic comparison with differentiation in national states (Hooghe and Marks, 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What makes the EU's "system of differentiated integration" (Schimmelfennig et al, 2015) remarkable, is that it combines vertical differentiation with horizontal differentiation. As Hooghe and Marks (2023) remind us, differentiation is by no means unique to the EU. Yet, it combines vertical and horizontal differentiation to an extent that is atypical even for asymmetrical federal states (on asymmetrical federalism, see, e.g.…”

Section: Di: Concepts Patterns and Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are particularly relevant in Eurosceptic countries where (exclusive) national identities are strong. As Hooghe and Marks (2023) put it, constitutional DI is a "strategy to lower the temperature of self-determination". As status quo-oriented states, Eurosceptic countries enjoy a favorable institutional bargaining situation in negotiations about deepening.…”

Section: Causes and Conditions Of Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Academic work has accompanied the growth of DI, but it initially remained predominantly conceptual and prescriptive, suggesting and categorizing alternative ways in which the EU could develop away from the model of uniform integration (see Holzinger and Schimmelfennig, 2012 for an overview). By contrast, the major general theories of European integration did not pay systematic attention to differentiation, and theory-guided empirical work was extremely rare—Kölliker's (2001, 2006) application of collective goods theory to DI being the main exception.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differentiated integration in the European Union: Institutional effects, public opinion, and alternative flexibility arrangements

Schimmelfennig

Leuffen

Vries

2022

European Union Politics

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Research on differentiated integration (DI) in the European Union (EU) has focused on the causes, conditions, and patterns of differentiation in European integration. By contrast, we know less about its effects on institutional outcomes and public support; moreover, alternatives to de jure DI in providing flexibility are still rarely accounted for. This introduction to the special issue takes stock of, and discusses omissions, in the current literature on DI. We propose an analytical framework, centering on efficiency and legitimacy, to study the effects of different types of DI. We use this framework to motivate the choice and assess the contributions of the articles selected for this special issue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Di: Concepts Patterns and Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Causes and Conditions Of Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differentiated integration in the European Union: Institutional effects, public opinion, and alternative flexibility arrangements

Schimmelfennig

Leuffen

Vries

2022

European Union Politics

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“…In the recent years studies on differentiated European integration, including in the domain of EU foreign policy, have been flourishing (Héritier, 2021;Hooghe & Marks, 2022;Leruth et al, 2022;Schimmelfennig et al, 2022;Schimmelfennig & Winzen, 2020). Scholarly attention has laid primarily on differentiation in policies where this phenomenon is made evident by differentiated membership, such as in the Euro area or the Schengen zone Matthijs et al, 2019).…”

Section: Differentiated Cooperation In Eu Foreign Policy: Conceptual ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiated cooperation as the mode of governance in EU foreign policy

Viceré

Sus

2023

Contemporary Security Policy

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Manuscript -with author detailsWhile the standard conceptualization of differentiation in the European Union (EU) focuses on differentiated integration, scholars devote less attention to differentiated cooperation. This article argues, on the contrary, that member states' engagement in differentiated efforts in EU foreign policy manifest themselves both in the form of differentiated integration and cooperation. It elaborates an original conceptual framework for exploring differentiated cooperation as a mode of governance. Drawing on the articles in this special issue, this introduction maps empirical manifestations of differentiated cooperation in various areas and dimensions of EU foreign policy. The results of the special issue show that differentiated cooperation has mostly manifested itself in informal patterns of cooperation, with the treaty-based mechanisms being limited. As such, the special issue reflects the differentiation and informalization processes occurring not only in the EU, but also in global governance more broadly.

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West Lothians in the European Parliament? Diverging Vote Choices in Cases of Differentiated Integration

Steinecke,

Heermann

2024

Swiss Political Sci Review

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Territorial differentiation entails challenges for legitimate representation as legislators may be empowered to vote on legislation that does not affect their constituencies. A typical example of this democratic dilemma is the “West Lothian question” in the United Kingdom, where all members of the House of Commons can vote on bills that only affect England. The European Union faces a similar dilemma when members of the European Parliament vote on bills from which their member states are exempted. We analyse EU legislators' voting behaviour on differentiated policies to provide the missing empirical evidence for an informed debate about the institutional design of legislative rules under differentiation. We show that legislators abstain more frequently than their party group colleagues when their constituency is not subject to a bill due to sovereignty concerns. This practice of abstention resembles an existing norm in the United Kingdom and mitigates the democratic dilemma associated with differentiation.

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Differentiation in the European Union and beyond

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Differentiated integration in the European Union: Institutional effects, public opinion, and alternative flexibility arrangements

Differentiated integration in the European Union: Institutional effects, public opinion, and alternative flexibility arrangements

Differentiated cooperation as the mode of governance in EU foreign policy

West Lothians in the European Parliament? Diverging Vote Choices in Cases of Differentiated Integration

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