Differentiation of bMSCs on Biocompatible, Biodegradable, and Biomimetic Scaffolds for Largely Defected Tissue Repair

Abstract

Biocompatible, biodegradable, and biomimetic scaffolds in combination with stem cells are of great importance for tissue engineering, especially the repairing and regeneration of defected organs. As a case in point, esophageal diseases have become serious clinical problems because of the poor self-repairing ability of the organ. It is crucial to prepare artificial replacements with biological function for serious lesions of the esophagus. However, the pH value, mechanical strength, thickness, and other physical conditions are very different in different organs or different parts of the same organ, which pose high difficulty for successful tissue engineering. In this work, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) were isolated from rabbits and transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to follow their capabilities of growth, stemness, and differentiation in ex vivo culture. These bMSCs were seeded on biocompatible, biodegradable, and biomimetic scaffolds to detect the tissue regenerative capability of the esophagus with multilayer hierarchical structure. According to the esophageal bilayer muscle architecture, we designed discontinuous and continuous microchannel patterned scaffolds with medical level polyurethane (PU) as the matrix to guide the inner-circular and outer-longitudinal muscle growth. The gap on the discontinuous walls not only helped cells to communicate with each other but also assisted cells to infiltrate through the gap and grew into the inner circular muscle. The graft of silk fibroin on the scaffold surface using the aminolysis and glutaraldehyde cross-linking method enhanced the substrate’s hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Mucosa-submucosa tissue of rabbit’s esophagus was decellularized to obtain the extracellular matrix (ECM) and implanted in situ after recellularizing with bMSCs to repair the partially defected rabbits’ esophagus. On the basis of both in vitro and in vivo results, we concluded that esophagus regeneration was promoted by the differentiation of bMSCs on the biocompatible, biodegradable, and biomimetic scaffolds, starting from tissue “niches”, to repair the largely defected esophagus, which paves the way for tissue engineering and defected organ treatments.

Bone mesenchymal stem cells stimulation by magnetic nanoparticles and a static magnetic field: release of exosomal miR-1260a improves osteogenesis and angiogenesis

“…Li et al fabricated a novel 3D fibrous core–shell magnetic scaffold, which remarkably improved cellular proliferation and growth space [ 49 ]. Wang et al reported the differentiation of BMSCs on the biocompatible, biodegradable, and biomimetic scaffolds promoted the regeneration of largely defected esophagus [ 50 ]. Jin et al indicated that 3D chondroitin sulfate surface-modified silk nanofibers enhanced BMSCs adhesion and osteogenic differentiation [ 51 ].…”

Nanoengineered Shear-Thinning Hydrogel Barrier for Preventing Postoperative Abdominal Adhesions

“…The formation of postoperative tissue adhesions is a pathology that develops over the course of weeks [ 15 ]. Adhesions start forming within a period of 3–7 days, and the balance between normal wound healing and excessive extracellular matrix depositions will ultimately determine the formation of adhesions at the injured site [ 33 ].…”

“…At days 7 to 30, the gradual vascularization and collagen deposition strengthen the fibrotic bands, resulting in an undesirable tissue adhesion. Standardized animal models have described that 14 days is the best end point to evaluate the severity of adhesion formation [ 15 , 31 ].…”

“…After aseptic animal preparation, inhalable isoflurane was used as anesthesia. A laparotomy was performed using a standard midline incision of 4 cm, and eight peritoneal ischemic buttons were created using a chain distribution in parietal peritoneum (4 per side) to produce a peritoneal injury as previously described [ 15 ]. Each button was generated by using a Z-stitch technique with 2–0 polypropylene sutures (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) to ligate 5 mm of peritoneal tissue.…”

Ca2+-supplying black phosphorus-based scaffolds fabricated with microfluidic technology for osteogenesis

“…Bone defects, which can be created by traumatic injury, tumor excision, or infectious diseases such as osteitis and osteomyelitis, present a great challenge and burden in clinical surgery [ 1 ]. It is estimated that the annual number of patients who suffer from traumatic injury in the US is over 1 million, and many of which may give rise to devastating bone defects, with costs over $10 billion [ 2 ].…”