Differentiation of Roots of Glycyrrhiza Species by¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Abstract

To classify Glycyrrhiza species, samples of different species were analyzed by 1 H NMR-based metabolomics technique. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used as the multivariate statistical analysis of the 1 H NMR data sets. There was a clear separation between various Glycyrrhiza species in the PLS-DA derived score plots. The PLS-DA model was validated, and the key metabolites contributing to the separation in the score plots of various Glycyrrhiza species were lactic acid, alanine, arginine, proline, malic acid, asparagine, choline, glycine, glucose, sucrose, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and formic acid. The compounds present at relatively high levels were glucose, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in G. glabra; lactic acid, alanine, and proline in G. inflata; and arginine, malic acid, and sucrose in G. uralensis. This is the first study to perform the global metabolomic profiling and differentiation of Glycyrrhiza species using 1 H NMR and multivariate statistical analysis.

Metabolite Profiling and Classification of DNA-Authenticated Licorice Botanicals

“…22–24 However, as demonstrated above, macroscopic identification is insufficient to detect Glycyrrhiza hybrids. All licorice roots/rhizomes are similar macroscopically and microscopically.…”

“…16,19–24 Metabolomic analyses of licorice roots were initiated by Yang and co-workers, 22 who performed 1 H NMR multivariate analysis on botanically and macroscopically identified Glycyrrhiza species focusing on primary metabolites. 22 Subsequently, Farag and co-workers 23 combined LC-MS and 1 H NMR metabolite profiling of botanically and macroscopically identified Glycyrrhiza species, using three sample acquisitions per species. Recently, we have demonstrated that both major Fs and their C isomers coexist in extracts from licorice roots and can be determined as pairs of isomers.…”

Terpenoid and flavonoid spectrum of in vitro cultures of Glycyrrhiza glabra revealed high chemical heterogeneity: platform to understand biosynthesis

“…However, selection of highly productive lines and optimization of chemical and physical culture milieu of the cells for copious production is a prerequisite for the commercial application of these systems. It has been demonstrated that the biosynthetic activity of cultured cells can be enhanced by regulating various factors like environment (Ayabe et al 1990), selecting hyper-producing lines (Jiao et al 2014;Mardamshin et al 1994) precursor feeding (Yang et al 2007a(Yang et al , 2010 and transformation method . The expanding commercial importance of the plant based anti-cancer compound has kindled the researchers to look for their production in tissue culture system.…”

Metabolite Profiles of Arsenic Tolerant Plants Regenerated from Stem Calli of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees using HPLC and 1D 1H NMR

“…The metabolites such as 2-Oxoglutarate and Taurine alone were present in As 2 O 3 tolerant plants, but absent in in vitro control plants of A. paniculata. Similarly, the different samples of Glycyrrhiza species were examined by 1D 1 H NMR-based metabolomics analysis (Yang et al, 2010). Anand et al (2011) also reported the various bioactive chemical compounds by NMR spectral analysis in Zehneria scabra.…”