Diffraction-limited Microbeam with Fresnel Zone Plate Optics in Hard X-Ray Regions

Abstract

In order to evaluate the 'resonance intensities' and resonance frequencies of piezoelectric transducers driven 'partially', two mathematical methods are considered: One is the evaluation of 'speed of divergence' at the resonance of Mason's equivalent circuit which is applied appropriately using the conventional concept of a distributed-parameter circuit, and the other is a superposition of complex dynamical variable η to form complex infinite geometric series in which |η| 2 corresponds to the stored energy in the transducer and in which the way of superposition reflects the electrical and mechanical boundary conditions of the transducer. The resonance intensity is related to the effective power at the resonance. The 'partial drive' can induce resonance modes other than a set of odd-degree modes, with various resonance intensities due to a nondissipative cause, on appropriate boundary conditions. The calculation results of the two methods agree with each other satisfactorily, and thus suggest the physical reasonableness of both methods.

Processing of a Strong Biodegradable Poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] Fiber and a New Fiber Structure Revealed by Micro‐Beam X‐Ray Diffraction with Synchrotron Radiation

“…The new fiber structure of P(3HB) mono-filament was revealed by micro-beam X-ray diffraction (beam size is 0.5 mm) by using the Fresnel Zone Plate technique [23] with synchrotron radiation at SPring-8, Japan.…”

Manufacturing of PHA as Fibers

“…To reveal the detailed fiber structure and the distribution of the two types of molecular conformations (a-and b-structure crystals) in monofilaments, microbeam X-ray diffraction was performed using synchrotron radiation at SPring-8, Japan. The beam size was focused to 0.5 mm with a Fresnel zone plate (Suzuki et al 2001) and the monofilament was linearly scanned perpendicularly to the fiber axis with a step of 2 mm. Figure 7a shows the microbeam X-ray diffraction patterns for a cold-drawn and two-step-drawn UHMW-P(3HB) monofilament obtained from three marked points in the microscope image (Iwata et al 2004;Iwata 2005).…”

Application of Microbeam Small- and Wide-angle X-ray Scattering to Polymeric Material Characterization

“…They are mainly classified into focusing and pinhole optics. As for the focusing optics, the following optical instruments are often used: (a) glass capillary, which selects the beam with a divergence angle smaller than the critical angle of inner glass surface, (b) a Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) focusing mirror system, 37 which consists of two bent mirrors independently focusing in the horizontal and vertical directions, (c) a refractive lens, 38 which is based on the fact that the reflactive index of a material for X-rays is less than 1, (d) an X-ray zone plate, 39 which selects X-rays with phases that interfere with each other by concentrically shaped patterning, (e) a BraggFresnel lens, 40 which utilizes the confocal property of ellipsoid, (f) an X-ray waveguide, 41 which generates standing wave. A glass capillary has a good property in that the shape of X-ray beam is almost kept constant through microbeam generation.…”