“…Engeström's conceptual framework of activity theory is illustrated in Figure 3. Besides guiding towards an understanding of the teaching and learning process, the activity theory also seeks to explain and impact qualitative changes in human practices while pertaining to accomplish tasks or fulfill school requirements (Guo et al, 2020). As shown in Figure 3, the relationship between subject (e.g., students, teachers, candidates) and object (e.g., raw materials, intended or unintended learning outcomes, or problems to be resolved) is mediated by tools (e.g., activities, assignments, learning platforms, methods, educational technologies, online collaboration tools), whereas the relationship between subject and community (e.g., students' families, school administrators, stakeholders) is mediated by rules (school regulations, classroom regulations, grading systems, academic requirements).…”