Digital staining for multispectral images of pathological tissue specimens based on combined classification of spectral transmittance

Multispectral Enhancement Method to Increase the Visual Differences of Tissue Structures in Stained Histopathology Images

“…When abnormal changes in the ratio between the cytoplasm and nuclei areas are observed other staining techniques, i.e., special stains or immunohistochemical stain, are employed to further probe the cause of the abnormality. Due to the popularity of the H&E staining, a number of investigations have been done to digitally simulate its staining effect and to investigate the discrimination of H&E stained tissue structures which are ordinarily differentiated with the use of other types of stain [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The success of these research endeavors would eventually allow pathologists to quantify the distribution of tissue structures in the absence of special stains.…”

“…Results on several pilot studies on the utility of multispectral imaging to improve the visualization of tissue structures and accuracy of quantitative histopathology image analysis showed promise [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. A multispectral image acquisition system captures the same scene at different spectral wavelength using narrowband spectral filters producing a stack of N grey-level spectral images, where N corresponds to the number of narrowband spectral filters employed by the imaging system.…”

“…It is typically employed to pre-process images to improve the accuracy of the quantitative image analyses [16][17][18][19][20]. Multispectral enhancements are implemented to either improve our visual perception of the objects in a multispectral image or to particularly detect an object which is not visually perceptible [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][14][15]. When the objective of the enhancement is to emphasize the spectral-color difference between the object of interest and its background the visual clarity of the different objects in the background are not generally given attention.…”

Digital simulation of staining in histopathology multispectral images: enhancement and linear transformation of spectral transmittance

“…The digital simulation of the effect of chemical staining, also known as digital staining, on histopathology images using multispectral features was explored. 10,11,13 Digital staining aims at transforming the original image, which could be unstained or stained, into an image with the desired staining patterns by employing digital processing techniques. It produces images which do not only possess improved colorimetric differences between faintly discriminated tissue structures, but also the visualization inherent to the effect of chemical staining to the tissue.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In pathology, particular interest is focused on the possible application of this imaging modality to improve tissue detection, classification and visualization. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] In contrast to the conventional RGB-color image acquisitions systems, which use wideband filters, multispectral imaging uses N narrowband filters to capture images across wide spectral range. The utilization of narrowband filters enables a multispectral image acquisition device to capture spectral features that are not normally captured with RGB-color image acquisition devices.…”