This paper adopts a 5G smart sensor network to design intelligent sensing of environmental information in aquaculture waters, and in this way, we study the significance of optimizing the intelligent sensing model. Microservice architecture and big data analysis and processing will become the innovation of technology in the new era. In this regard, it is very important to study a set of aquarium monitoring and management system based on microservice architecture, so that users can understand the changes in the environment in the aquarium, manage a large amount of historical data quickly, and help users solve existing problems. The design pattern of MVVM architecture, unified management of the life cycle, and microservice architecture make the system very easy to expand and maintain; secondly, it realizes the automatic monitoring of the aquarium environment while making multilevel storage optimization for a large amount of data and realizes fast retrieval of a large amount of data; finally, the system can make intelligent regulation in the environmental control of ornamental fish and can automatically adapt to the environmental requirements of different ornamental fish. Finally, the system can make intelligent control in the environment control of ornamental fish and can automatically adapt to the needs of different ornamental fish environments. After testing its server concurrent processing capability, communication stability, and Android performance, the system runs stably. This paper analyzes the architecture module reuse rate and protocol performance; the module reuse rate analysis results show that the various types of modules in the architecture are reused many times and have strong generality, which effectively reduces the development cycle and development cost, and the architecture can quickly and efficiently integrate hardware units such as sensors, actuators, and communication modules; the protocol performance analysis shows that the designed protocol has high communication performance and meets the architecture. The protocol performance analysis shows that the designed protocol has high communication performance and meets the requirements of the architecture in terms of the transmission rate. At the same time, the edge computing module of the architecture further shifts down the edge computing tasks and lays the hardware foundation for the subsequent implementation of sensor data anomaly detection, data encryption transmission, and other functions.