The yeast Saccharomyces are widely used to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. A large number of nuclear genomic DNA sequences are available, but mitochondrial genomic data are insufficient. We completed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing from Illumina MiSeq reads for all Saccharomyces species. All are circularly mapped molecules decreasing in size with phylogenetic distance from Saccharomyces cerevisiae but with similar gene content including regulatory and selfish elements like origins of replication, introns, free-standing open reading frames or GC clusters. Their most profound feature is species-specific alteration in gene order. The genetic code slightly differs from well-established yeast mitochondrial code as GUG is used rarely as the translation start and CGA and CGC code for arginine. The multilocus phylogeny, inferred from mtDNA, does not correlate with the trees derived from nuclear genes. mtDNA data demonstrate that Saccharomyces cariocanus should be assigned as a separate species and Saccharomyces bayanus CBS 380T should not be considered as a distinct species due to mtDNA nearly identical to Saccharomyces uvarum mtDNA. Apparently, comparison of mtDNAs should not be neglected in genomic studies as it is an important tool to understand the origin and evolutionary history of some yeast species.

Agrarian trade of the Czech Republic and Slovakia has undergone very significant changes in the period since the break-up of Czechoslovakia up to the present, which have influenced its commodity and territorial structure. The process of dividing the state, building a new business structure and the EU accession influenced the current form of Czech and Slovak agricultural trade and also particularly the competitiveness of Czech and Slovak agricultural and foodstuff products in relation to the EU market and also in relation to the world market. The process of transformation of agricultural production and trade in both countries has also affected their relationships. For this reason, the primary objective of this paper is to highlight the changes that have occurred in relation to the Czech and Slovak agricultural trade performance development – and in particular the changes in the mutual export and import operations are analysed. During the period 1994–2010, agricultural exports from the Czech Republic to Slovakia became considerably more dynamic than those in the opposite direction. Czech agricultural and foodstuff products have gradually established themselves and have gained comparative advantages over Slovak agrarian production. As a result of this development, a gradual increase of the negative balance of Slovak agricultural trade has occurred in relation to the Czech Republic. Since the Slovak agrarian sector has in recent years significantly decreased its own production capacity, in the future a continuation of the current trend can be expected.  

Recent evidence has raised the possibility of the existence of a sixth taste modality - that is, taste for fat - which is mediated by lingual CD36 and plays a role in obesity. Consequently, the genetic polymorphism of CD36 has been shown to be associated with altered oro-sensory detection of dietary lipids. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between oro-sensory perception of linoleic acid (LA), two CD36 polymorphisms (rs1527483 and rs3212018), obesity parameters and craving habits for dietary lipids in young Czech adults. We also sequenced 5 and 6 exons of CD36 to trace out any new mutation that might be responsible for the difference in taste perception. We observed that craving for dietary lipids was correlated with anthropometric parameters (P<0·05) and LA detection threshold (P=0·033). The participants with the CC genotype of the rs1527483 polymorphism had lower BMI (P=0·011), waist circumference (P=0·005), waist:height ratio (P=0·010) and higher sensitivity for LA (P=0·037) than the participants with the CT and TT genotypes. Interestingly, we did not observe any association between the rs3212018 polymorphism and the studied parameters. Moreover, we did not observe any mutation in exons 5 and 6 of the CD36 gene in these subjects. Finally, we can state that rs1527483, but not rs3212018, is associated with high body weight in young Czech subjects.

Tooth agenesis is one of the most common craniofacial disorders in humans. More than 350 genes have been associated with teeth development. In this study, we enrolled 60 child patients (age 13 to 17) with various types of tooth agenesis. Whole gene sequences of PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, EDA, EDAR and WNT10a genes were sequenced by next generation sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. We found previously undescribed heterozygous nonsense mutation g.8177G>T (c.610G>T) in MSX1 gene in one child. Mutation was verified by Sanger sequencing. Sequencing analysis was performed in other family members of the affected child. All family members carrying g.8177G>T mutation suffered from oligodontia (missing more than 6 teeth excluding third molars). Mutation g.8177G>T leads to a stop codon (p.E204X) and premature termination of Msx1 protein translation. Based on previous in vitro experiments on mutation disrupting function of Msx1 homeodomain, we assume that the heterozygous g.8177G>T nonsense mutation affects the amount and function of Msx1 protein and leads to tooth agenesis.

consumers are the starting point of the final product market vertical line. Their demand is a crucial factor in the decisions about production -what to produce, how much, and what way. The aim of this paper is to provide the analysis of the elasticity of the consumer demand on pork, based on the influence of the change of the determinants influencing the demand on the consumer level of the vertical product line, and subsequent evaluation of the character and intensiveness of the consumer demand elasticities. The evaluation is founded on the determined coefficients for the individual elasticities of consumer demand on the selected commodity. The analysis of the elasticity of the consumer demand on pork is based on a five-factor model of the consumer demand on pork. it was estimated and qualified by the microeconomic theory for estimation and interpretation of individual elasticity coefficients and regression analysis. Furthermore, our attention is focused on determination and interpretation of the coefficients of direct price elasticity of demand, cross-price elasticity of demand, and income elasticity of demand. The value of the price elasticity of demand on pork is 0.770937. As an increase in the buyers' income evokes an increase in demand, it can be stated that pork meat is a superior good for the Slovak inhabitants. cross-price elasticity of demand between pork and poultry is 0.617363, and between pork and beef it is 0.343435. As the value is positive, pork, poultry, and beef are substitute goods for the consumers. During the studied period, the demand on pork was quarterly decreasing by 0.05162% in average. on the basis of the results received from the analysis of the elasticities of the demand on the consumer level of the studied product vertical line, it can be stated that Slovak consumers of pork meat react more responsively to the change of income than to the change of the price of this good.Key words: pork meat demand, regression analysis, elasticity of demand, consumer Abstrakt: Východiskový bod vertikály konečných trhových produktov tvorí konzument -spotrebiteľ. Dopyt spotrebiteľa sa stáva rozhodujúcim z hľadiska rozhodovania sa podnikov o výrobe -čo, koľko, kedy a ako vyrábať. cieľom príspevku je analyzovať elasticitu spotrebiteľského dopytu po bravčovom mäse na základe vplyvu zmeny identifikovaných determinantov ovplyvňujúcich dopyt na spotrebiteľskom stupni výrobkovej vertikály bravčové mäso a následné zhodnotenie charakteru a intenzity elasticít spotrebiteľského dopytu po bravčovom mäse prostredníctvom zistených koeficientov jednotlivých druhov elasticít spotrebiteľského dopytu po vybranej komodite. Východiskom pre analýzu elasticity spotrebiteľského dopytu po bravčovom mäse je päťfaktorový mocninový regresný model spotrebiteľského dopytu po bravčovom mäse, ktorý bol odhadnutý a kvantifikovaný metódou regresnej analýzy, a mikroekonomická teória zaoberajúca sa výpočtom a interpretovaním jednotlivých koeficientov elasticít. Pri spotrebiteľskom dopyte je pozornosť venovaná zisteniu a interp...