Dimensions of Locus of Control in Children

Abstract

A multidimensional measure of locus of control, which included three dimensions of content, time, and orientation toward success-failure outcomes, was administered to non-gifted ( N = 298) and gifted ( N = 166) Israeli children in Grades 4 through 8. Content was measured in three important settings in the child's life: school, home, and neighborhood. The time dimension referred to the difference between assuming responsibility for events of the present and past versus the expression of competence to affect future outcomes. Internal consistency and reliabilities of the new instrument were adequate, especially for the Future Scale, and the three dimensions were empirically distinguishable. Relationships were found between locus of control and age, scholastic achievement, and personality variables.

Efficiency of scale-free networks: error and attack tolerance

“…Watts and Strogatz have named these networks, that are somehow in between regular and random networks, small-worlds, in analogy with the small-world phenomenon, empirically observed in social systems more than 30 years ago [6]. The mathematical characterization of the small-world behavior is based on the evaluation of two quantities, the characteristic path length L, measuring the typical separation between two generic nodes in the network and the clustering coe cient C, measuring the average cliquishness of a node.…”

“…We have K = i k i =2 because each link is counted twice, and the average value of k i is k = 2K=N . To deÿne L we need ÿrst to construct the shortest path length d ij between two vertices (known in social networks studies as the number of degrees of separation [6]), measured as the minimum number of edges traversed to get from a vertex i to another vertex j. By deÿnition d ij ¿ 1 with d ij = 1 if there exists a direct edge between i and j.…”

“…[5], Watts and Strogatz have shown that the connection topology of some real networks is neither completely regular nor completely random. These networks, named small-world networks [6], exhibit in fact high clustering coe cient, like regular lattices, and small average distance between two generic points (small characteristic path length), like random graphs. Watts and Strogatz have also proposed a simple model (the WS model) to construct networks with small-world properties (i.e., networks with high clustering and small average distance), by rewiring few edges of a regular lattice.…”

Revisión del constructo lugar de control a partir de sus instrumentos de evaluación sobre poblaciones infantiles

“…Con estos objetivos, se divide la exposicion en dos apartado: en el primero se recogen los datos indicados de los cinco instrumentos que han recibido una mayor cantidad de investigacion hasta el momento, siendo estos los mas ampliamente utilizados con este tipo de poblaciones -Ia LCS de Bialer (1961), la IAR de Crandall y col. (1965), la CNS-IE de Nowicki y Strickland (1973), la SDRCI de Stephens y Delys (1973) y la Tel-Aviv de Milgram y Milgram (1975)-. En el segundo, se revisan menos exhaustivamente otras escalas que han recibido un menor numero de investigaciones, pero que proporcionan una informacion util sobre la capacidad predictiva del constructo.…”

“…Respecto a los agentes de refuerzo considerados, estos son las madres, los padres, los profesores, otros ninos y el propio nino que responde a la escala. e) La Tel Aviv Locus of Control Scale (Milgram y Milgram, 1975;TA). Esta prueba consta de dos escalas de 24 Items cada una: la Escalade Pas ado y la Escala de Futuro.…”