Dimerised heterobifunctional reactive dyes. Part 1: characterisation using quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Self Cite

When textile substrates biodegrade in landfills, the fate of textile colorants is unknown, and potentially poses an ecotoxic threat. In this study, we developed a systematic analytical method to evaluate the biodegradation of reactive dyes, the most common class of dye applied to cotton fabrics. The cotton fabrics were dyed with CI Reactive Blue 19 and biodegraded in soil in a laboratory‐controlled environment over intervals of 45 and 90 days. A dye isolation method using a low concentration of alkali (0.15% sodium hydroxide) was developed and applied (80°C for 1 hour) to isolate intact and degraded dye from the fabric samples. To quantify the intact dye isolated from the fabric samples, a quantification method was then developed using liquid chromatography‐photodiode array detection. The quantification method provided excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9997 ± 0.0002), accuracy (% error = −2% ± 4), precision (% coefficient of variation = 2% ± 4) and sensitivity (lower limit of quantification = 0.4 ± 0.2 µg/mL) for concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 µg/mL. After validation, the method was applied and showed a reduction of dye in biodegraded samples (after 45 and 90 days) compared with undegraded control samples (0 days). To characterise the isolated dye degradation product, quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry was utilised. Analysis showed that the degradation product was formed by losing a -SO3- group from the intact hydrolysed form of the dye, creating a more hydrophobic degradation product compared with the intact hydrolysed form of dye.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Degradation studies of CI Reactive Blue 19 on biodegraded cellulosic fabrics via liquid chromatography‐photodiode array detection coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry

Sultana

Williams

Ankeny

et al. 2019

Self Cite

“…50% of the abundance of their corresponding M peaks. These unique isotopic distributions mainly resulted from the presence of one 37 Cl isotope and several 34 S isotopes in the three dye structures 14 . On the other hand, RK5 (Figure 2B) is the only reactive dye among the four that does not contain a chlorine atom (see Figure 1A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…An artificial mixture containing the reactive dyes RR31, RB49, RO35 and RK5 (Figure 1) was made based on the difference in their structures and the number of sulphonate groups present on each dye to prove the efficiency of the HILIC‐MS system. It was expected that more sulphonate groups present on the dye (ie, more polar) would decrease the retention of the dye in a common C18 column system 14 ; however, a HILIC column, a variant of normal phase LC, 20,21 would be able to retain more polar dye to improve the separation without ion‐pairing agents and thus ease the MS characterisation. It is important to note that during HILIC, there are several interactions 22,23 that can occur between the analytes, the mobile phase and the stationary phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, evidence shows that these ion‐pairing agents (such as tetrabutylammonium bromide 9,10 and tributylamine 11 ) are not compatible with electrospray ionisation (ESI) MS because their behaviour (high basicity and stability; eg, the ion pairs can suppress dye signal) will generate ionisation bias and poor MS analysis 13 . This scenario complicates the analysis of high polarity dyes and their hydrolysis products when using chromatography and MS methods simultaneously 14 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Separation and identification of commercial reactive dyes with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Liu

Sui

Terán

et al. 2021

Self Cite

The separation and identification of colourants from aqueous matrices could potentially benefit the coloration industry. In this work, we report a new method that combines hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for reactive dye separation and identification without employing ion‐pairing agents. The conditions outlined allowed the successful separation of a mixture of four commercial reactive dyes in an aqueous solution, which consisted of CI Reactive Black 5, CI Reactive Orange 35, CI Reactive Blue 49 and CI Reactive Red 31. To further demonstrate the feasibility of this new method, we conducted deeper research into the analysis of CI Reactive Red 31 and its hydrolysis products. Based on the high efficiency of HILIC for polar compounds, and its combination with HRMS, we were able to identify several isomers of CI Reactive Red 31 and its derivatives, which were further characterised by tandem mass spectrometry. This method could potentially benefit chemical evaluations in dye applications, including synthetic processes, because it provides reliable results and simplified operation conditions compared with common traditional high‐performance liquid chromatography methods.

“…5 However, fewer studies are carried out on the degradation of dyes and their pollutants in soil. [6][7][8] One study was found featuring the decolourisation of the synthetic dye, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), in contaminated soil using fungal culture and the bacterial consortium. However, it does not discuss the molecular level change of CI Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) after degradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and quantification of CI Reactive Blue 19 dye degradation product in soil

Feng

Sui

Ankeny

et al. 2021

Self Cite

Landfills are becoming the most common way to dispose textiles. The presence of different types of dyes and finishes on textiles fabrics can become an important source of pollution during the degradation process, due to the fact that these chemicals can leach to the soil. The biodegradation of dyes from dyed fabrics is not fully understood, and what can leach into the soil can be more toxic. In this study, cotton fabrics were dyed with CI Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) and biodegraded in soil in a laboratory-controlled environment for a 90-day time interval by using the How to cite this article: Feng C, Sui X, Ankeny MA, Vinueza NR. Identification and quantification of CI Reactive Blue 19 dye degradation product in soil.