“…The degradation of groundwater resources occurring due to extensive human activities has also been observed in other coastal regions, including Majene, Tuban, Pekalongan, and Ternate, Indonesia (Febriarta, 2020;Joesidawati, Suwarsih, & Sari, 2019;Robo, Sofyan, & Banapon, 2019;Yusman, Palippui, & Apriansah, 2019). The changes in groundwater chemical structure, which later lead to the exceeding water quality parameters from the standard clean water conditions, occur due to seawater intrusion (Purnama, 2021;Purwanto, Nugroho, & Haty, 2015;Putriany & Sejati, 2023;Vienastra, 2021) and the entry of pollutants from anthropogenic activities into the groundwater system (Khan & Paul, 2023;Putranto, Widiarso, & Susanto, 2017;H. Ullah, Naz, Alhodaib, Abdullah, & Muddassar, 2022).…”