Dinitroaniline‐Induced Genetic Changes in Bermudagrass

Abstract

golf putting green turf in the southern USA through greatly improved playability characteristics as well as Off-type bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) continue to be a major much-needed uniformity by way of planting a singleconcern on southern U.S. golf greens because of the disruption of surface source cultivar. Uniformity in these vegetatively propauniformity and playability. The current study was undertaken to measure the genetic stability of six bermudagrass cultivars (Champion, Floradwarf, gated turf cultivars is achieved through single-node se- MS-Supreme, Tifdwarf, TifEagle, and Tifgreen) in response to the two dilection from an individual plant. The genetic base of nitroaniline herbicides pendimethalin {N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2, each cultivar is thus necessarily quite narrow and the 6-dinitrobenzenamine} and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N 4 N 4 -dipropylsufnarrow genetic base of these cultivars may pose a risk fanilamide), which are commonly applied for preemergent weed confor extensive damage from virulent or introduced pests trol in turf management. Four off-types (Off-Type 1, Off-Type 2, Off-(Taliaferro, 1995) Type 3, and Off-Type 4) were derived from Champion treated with Within approximately 10 yr of the release of Tifgreen, dinitroanilines during the experimental cycles. The amplified fragment the first "off-types" of bermudagrass were documented length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis identified a total of 311 inforand one of those became the very popular cultivar Tifmative fragments with seven primer combinations, of which 162 (52.09%) were polymorphic. The number of polymorphisms detected dwarf (Burton, 1966). The perception of the term offper primer combination ranged from 18 to 27. The grouping of cultitype is generally negative and is associated with an undevars according to molecular and morphological data was made by sirable entity that likely differs in growth habit and color multidimensional analyses: cluster analysis and canonical discriminant and disrupts uniformity and playability of the turf. Offanalysis (CDA). Phenetic analysis as well as CDA revealed that all types are particularly difficult to manage on golf putting bermudagrasses and off-types were genetically diverse. Pairwise D 2 greens, where trueness of ball roll is of the utmost imestimates ranged from 0.69 to 0.99 with Off-Type 3 being the most portance. genetically dissimilar. Unweighted pair-group method arithmetic av-It is worth noting that almost all the latest generation erage analysis (UPGMA) produced two major clusters. The first conof bermudagrasses for putting greens, often referred to tained the six bermudagrass cultivars and Off-Type 1, Off-Type 2, and Off-Type 4, while Off-Type 3 formed the second cluster. Total

The genetic and phenotypic variability of interspecific hybrid bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) used on golf course putting greens

“…While TifEagle was reported to be derived from Tifway II (Hanna and Elsner 1999); Harris-Shultz et al (2010) and Zhang et al (1999), both suggested that TifEagle may have been derived from Tifgreen (or a Tifgreen related plant) due to the high dissimilarity coefficients reported between TifEagle and Tifway II using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) methodology. Findings of Capo-chichi et al (2005) and Chen et al (2009) further support this assertion in that both research teams reported a high degree of genetic similarity between TifEagle and Tifgreen. TifEagle is a vegetatively propagated cultivar reported to produce higher quality putting surfaces than Tifdwarf when mowed daily at 4 mm or less.…”

“…The repeated use of pesticides and plant growth regulators (PGR) could potentially influence aneuploidy (Karp 1994; Capo-chichi et al 2005; Gadeva and Dimitrov 2008). Capo-chichi et al (2005) reported that chronic exposure of Champion Dwarf bermudagrass in greenhouse culture to the dinitroaniline herbicides, pendimethalin, and oryzalin, induced the formation of four off-type grasses.…”

“…Capo-chichi et al (2005) reported that chronic exposure of Champion Dwarf bermudagrass in greenhouse culture to the dinitroaniline herbicides, pendimethalin, and oryzalin, induced the formation of four off-type grasses. Three of the four off-types were triploid and morphologically similar to Tifgreen; however, one off-type was aneuploid with several morphological traits measuring larger than Tifgreen (Capo-chichi et al 2005). Capo-chichi et al (2005) suggested that this off-type may have originated from common bermudagrass; however, this was not confirmed.…”

“…Three of the four off-types were triploid and morphologically similar to Tifgreen; however, one off-type was aneuploid with several morphological traits measuring larger than Tifgreen (Capo-chichi et al 2005). Capo-chichi et al (2005) suggested that this off-type may have originated from common bermudagrass; however, this was not confirmed. Gadeva and Dimitrov (2008) reported that exposure of Crepis capillaris L. to high concentrations of the fungicide iprodione and insecticide propargite led to a strong presence of lagging chromosomes and anti-microtubule activity, which resulted in aneuploidy.…”

“…Amplified fragment length polymorphisms have also been used to examine the genetic diversity among bermudagrass cultivars and selections throughout the southern United States (Capo-chichi et al 2005; Chen et al 2009; Zhang et al 1999). A UPGMA dendrogram created from dissimilarity coefficients clustered Tifgreen, Tifdwarf, TifEagle, Floradwarf, Champion Dwarf, and MS-Supreme together (Capo-chichi et al 2005).…”