Dioxins in Food

Startin, James R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1462-0_4

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Data on potential sources of exposure indicate that PBDEs are present in food (Asplund et al 1999;Huwe et al 2000;Jacobs et al 2001;Johnson and Olson 2001;Lind et al 2002;Ohta et al 2002;Zegers et al 2001), land sludge (Pardini et al 2001), and dust (Knoth et al 2002;Leonards et al 2001). It remains to be shown whether or not food represents a major source of PBDEs as it does with dioxins (Schecter 1994;Schecter and Gasiewicz 2003;Startin 1994;U.S. EPA 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk.

Schecter

Pavúk

Päpke

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

463

249

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No previous reports exist on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in human milk from individual U.S. mothers. This article on PBDEs is an extension of our previous studies on concentrations of dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other chlorinated organic compounds in human milk in a number of countries. PBDE commercial products are used as flame retardants in flexible polyurethane foam (penta-BDE), in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins (octa-BDE), and in high-impact polystyrene resins (deca-BDE). Their use is permitted in the United States but is banned in some European countries because of presumed toxicity, demonstrated persistence, and bioaccumulation. Different commercial products can be found in various consumer products such as television sets, computers, computer monitors and printers, carpets, and upholstery. Analyses of human levels of these compounds suggest low but rising levels in European human milk, which may have peaked, at least in Sweden, in the late 1990s. Very few data exist on levels of PBDEs in humans in the United States, and none from milk from individual nursing mothers. To address this issue, we analyzed 47 individual milk samples from nursing mothers, 20-41 years of age, from a milk bank in Austin, Texas, and a community women's health clinic in Dallas, Texas. Up to 13 PBDE congeners were measured. The concentrations of the sum of PBDE congeners varied from 6.2 to 419 ng/g (or parts per billion) lipid, with a median of 34 ng/g and a mean of 73.9 ng/g lipid. The PBDE levels in breast milk from Texas were similar to levels found in U.S. blood and adipose tissue lipid from California and Indiana and are 10-100 times greater than human tissue levels in Europe. Their detection in breast milk raises concern for potential toxicity to nursing infants, given the persistence and bioaccumulative nature of some of the PBDE congeners. These results indicate a need for more detailed investigation of the levels of PBDE in people and food, as well as determining if animal fat in food is the major route of exposure of the general U.S. population. Other routes of intake may also be significant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk.

Schecter

Pavúk

Päpke

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

463

249

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“…PCDDs and PCDFs previously have been detected primarily in lipids of animal origin, and are usually below detection limits in vegetables and fruits (Startin, 1994;Beck et al, 1989;Birmingham et al, 1989;Theelen, 1991;Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, 1992). Blood dioxin levels in pure vegans have also been found to be very low in comparison with the general population, indicating a lower contribution of these foods to human dioxin body burden (Schecter & Päpke., 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are now ubiquitous and enter the general population almost exclusively from ingestion of food (Startin, 1994;Beck et al, 1989;Birmingham et al, 1989;Theelen, 1991;Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, 1992). Periodically, special food contamination occurs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake Of Dioxins and Related Compounds from Food in the U.S. Population

Schecter

Cramer

Boggess

et al. 2001

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

207

115

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“…Reproductive effects of phthalates on adult males and development of male offspring has been of great concern recently. U.S. NHANES III (1988-1994 survey has measured the exposure to phthalates in 300 urine specimens collected from adults and it was inferred out that the phthalate monoesters with the highest urinary levels were monoethyl phthalate (95th percentile, 3,750 ppb; median, 305 ppb), monobutyl phthalate (95th percentile, 294 ppb; median, 41.0 ppb), and monobenzyl phthalate (95th percentile, 137 ppb; median, 21.2 ppb) which refl ected the exposures to the respective parent compounds diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and benzyl butyl phthalate (Blount et al 2000a, b ) . Metabolites of the more Lipophilic phthalates, such as diethylhexyl phthalate, may be excreted via the bile and into the feces.…”

Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%