“…Recently, it has been found to participate in the hydrolysis of dietary gliadin, which is rich in proline residues, performing a digestive function in the larval gut of T. molitor [ 3 ]. As a venom component of the honey bee, hornet, and paper wasp, DPPIV was characterized as an allergen, and may be involved in processing peptidic toxins [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Venom of these wasps commonly causes allergic reactions among humans, and is used to defend their colonies from vertebrate predators; this is different from the venom of parasitoids, which is responsible for paralyzing hosts and manipulating their parasitized hosts for the survival and development of their progeny [ 21 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”