Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) Analysis of Skin Metabolome Changes in the Ultraviolet B-Induced Mice

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major environmental factor that leads to acute and chronic reactions in the human skin. UV exposure induces wrinkle formation, DNA damage, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most mechanistic studies of skin physiology and pharmacology related with UV-irradiated skin have focused on proteins and their related gene expression or single- targeted small molecules. The present study identified and analyzed the alteration of skin metabolites following UVB irradiation and topical retinyl palmitate (RP, 5%) treatment in hairless mice using direct analysis in real time (DART) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) with multivariate analysis. Under the negative ion mode, the DART ion source successfully ionized various fatty acids including palmitoleic and linolenic acid. From DART-TOF-MS fingerprints measured in positive mode, the prominent dehydrated ion peak (m/z: 369, M+H-H2O) of cholesterol was characterized in all three groups. In positive mode, the discrimination among three groups was much clearer than that in negative mode by using multivariate analysis of orthogonal partial-least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). DART-TOF-MS can ionize various small organic molecules in living tissues and is an efficient alternative analytical tool for acquiring full chemical fingerprints from living tissues without requiring sample preparation. DART-MS measurement of skin tissue with multivariate analysis proved to be a powerful method to discriminate between experimental groups and to find biomarkers for various experiment models in skin dermatological research.

Rosmarinic Acid Attenuates Cell Damage against UVB Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress via Enhancing Antioxidant Effects in Human HaCaT Cells

“…Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a key risk factor that facilitates the initiation and development of various skin diseases ( Park et al ., 2013 ). Solar UV radiation on the earth’s surface consists of approximately 90–99% UVA and 1–10% UVB.…”

The Polyphenol Chlorogenic Acid Attenuates UVB-mediated Oxidative Stress in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes

“…For example, excessive UVB exposure triggers severe phenotypic changes in the dorsal skin of mice (Park et al ., 2013). ROS generated as a consequence of UV irradiation can oxidize and damage cellular lipids, proteins and DNA, leading to changes and often to destruction of skin structures, which can result in inhibition of their regular function (Dhumrongvaraporn and Chanvorachote, 2013; Sklar et al ., 2013).…”

Galangin (3,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) Shields Human Keratinocytes from Ultraviolet B-Induced Oxidative Stress

“…The ozone layer reflects UVC radiation, meaning only UVA and UVB reach the earth’s surface. UVB radiation is particularly absorbed by human skin and causes erythema, burns, immune suppression, and skin cancer ( Park et al ., 2013 ). Although UVA accounts for the majority of UV radiation that reaches the earth’s surface and can penetrate the skin deeper than UVB, it is weakly carcinogenic and causes aging and wrinkling of the skin ( Yoshikawa et al ., 1990 ; Donawho et al ., 1996 ; Matsumura and Ananthaswamy, 2004 ).…”