Direct and Indirect Effects of Short Term Ionizing Radiation on Old‐Field Succession

Daniel, Charles P.; Platt, Robert B.

doi:10.2307/1948535

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Streu and Vasvary ( 1967) have shown that high soil moisture levels can offset the effects of soil treatments with organophosphate insecticides, including diazinon, on vegetation growth in turf grass communities. Vegetation differences induced by other stresses such as ionizing radiation have also been offset by increased soil moisture levels (Daniel and Platt 1968) . Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the vegetative enrichment following soil contamination with organophosphate insecticides in agricultural (Tarjan 1964, Winchester and Burt 1964, Streu and Vasvary 1966 and old-field (Malone 1969) communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moore (1967) found that plant diversification occurred when a pesticide caused the removal of a dominant overstory species in a forest community. Several studies concerning the effects of ionizing radiation on old-field vegetation (McCormick and Platt 1962, Woodwell and Oosting 1965, Daniel and Platt 1968 have indicated an increased abundance of radioresistant species by release from competition with radiosensitive species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Shure

1971

Ecology

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An ecosystem approach was used to assess the effects of soil contamination with an organophosphate insecticide on ecological succession in 3—acre old field on the Piedmont of New Jersey. Diazinon was applied to one—half of the field in May 1967 and again in May 1967 and again in May 1968 at a rate of 12 lbs of active ingredient per acre. A latin square experimental design was used to analyze the effects of the insecticide on the density, diversity, and production of vegetation; the density and diversity of herb—stratum arthropods; and the trophic relationships that developed on treated and untreated areas. In 1967, insecticide contamination produced a significant enrichment in both density and diversity of vegetation as well as a consistent trend toward greater plant biomass on treated areas. The vegetation changes represented a summation of small but consistent differences in major producers common to both treated and untreated areas. Plant differences were believed due to a phytotoxic effect of diazinon on Convolvulus sepium, which was significantly reduced on treated areas. Other plant species normally inhibited by Convolvulus subsequently flourished on treated areas. Herb—stratum arthropod populations were similar on treated and untreated areas in 1967, despite the vegetation differences. Only a trend toward greater insect diversity on treated areas was present. The failure of indirect arthropod differences to develop was due to the similar availability of dominant producers and thus food web bases on treated and untreated areas. Radionuclide tracer studies indicated that ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) was the major food web base for resident consumers in the latter part of the growing season. The trophic transfer from ragweed was quite similar in treated and untreated areas. The lack of arthropod differences was thus attributed to similar availability of ragweed biomass in both areas. Vegetation differences were absent in 1968 following a second treatment with diazinon. Moisture appeared to be a major factor influencing the impart of the insecticide during the two summers. Vegetation differences developed in June 1967 at a time when rainfall was almost absent. In 1968, however, considerable rainfall occurred during the same period. The increased rainfall stimulated a greater seedling development than in 1967, thus apparently overcoming the effects of the insecticide. Environmental factors such as soil moisture can therefore interact with pollutants and seriously influence the degree of ecosystem modification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Shure

1971

Ecology

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“…Many recent studies have been concerned with the structural (dominance; diversity) and functional (biomass; productivity) responses of communities to various perturbations, including species removal (Allen and Forman 1976, Sutherland 1977, Vance 1979, toxic chemicals (Barrett 1968, Malone 1969, Shure 1971, Pomeroy and Barrett 1975, Tomkins and Grant 1977, Wakefield and Barrett 1979, nutrient enrichment (Harcombe 1977, Kirchner 1977, Bakelaar and Odum 1978, fire (Hulbert 1969, Lloyd 1972, Lussenhop 1976, and ionizing radiation (McCormick and Platt 1962, Daniel and Platt 1968, Armentano and Woodwell 1976. These studies demonstrate that an external perturbation can lead to complex changes in the structure and function of communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Empirical Test of Community Stability: Resistance of a Fouling Community to a Biological Patch‐Forming Disturbance

Smedes¹,

Hurd²

1981

Ecology

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Stability, defined as resistance to external perturbation, was evaluated for two developmental stages of an estuarine subtidal fouling community subjected to a biological patch—forming disturbance. Three stability criteria: (1) magnitude of response, (2) rate of response, and (3) recovery, were assessed on the basis of differences between control and perturbed panel communities with respect to physical structure (percent bare substrate, and sessile species volume), species richness (S), evenness (VH'), interaction diversity (H'), and community similarity, over time. Both motile and sessile species assemblages were examined, and responses of individual species were also determined. The older fouling community was found to be less stable than the younger one in terms of both measures of physical structure, for all three stability criteria. This was also true for species richness. Differences in evenness and H' between control and perturbed communities showed no consistent trend in this regard, and motile and sessile species exhibited different degrees of response. Multiple discriminant analysis indicated that fewer species contributed to the discriminant function in the younger community than in the older one. Community similarity between control and perturbed panel communities was lower overall for the older community. Individual species responses that contributed to these effects were examined. The results of our study, as well as an examination of other empirical evidence from the literature, reveal a lack of consistent support for traditional hypotheses of community stability. We conclude that evolutionary pressures, and resulting ecological strategies, are more important in determining community resistance stability than statistical properties such as species diversity.

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“…Community studies have traditionally been descriptive (Golley 1965, Whittaker 1965, McNaughton 1968, Vogl 1969. A few experimental studies have attempted to deal with the relationship between diversity and stability in community ecosystems (Hairston et al 1968, Flaherty 1969, and some researchers have examined the influence of various types of stress on the structure and function of communities (Crossley and Howden 1961, Malone et al 1967, Barrett 1968, Daniel and Platt 1968, Malone 1969, Anderson 1970, Dunn 1970, Ewing and Dorris 1970, Bulan and Barrett 1971, Hall et al 1971, Hanes 1971, Shure 1971. Rosensweig (1971) has discussed theoretically some problems involved with ecosystem enrichment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability in Relation to Nutrient Enrichment in Arthropod Consumers of Old‐Field Successional Ecosystems

Hurd¹,

Wolf²

1974

Ecological Monographs

123

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Two adjacent, abandoned hayfields in central New York State were subjected to nutrient enrichment perturbation by means of a single application of 10-10-10 N, P, K fertilizer early in the growing season of 1970. Aboveground arthropod herbivores and carnivores were monitored with respect to net productivity (dB/dt) and diversity for one growing season (1970) in the younger field (6 yr old), and for two growing seasons (1970 and 1971) in the older field (17 and 18 yr old). Sampling of arthropods was done with a gasolinepowered suction sampler between 1200 and 1600 h, twice weekly.Stability of the old-field arthropods was defined as resistance to change imposed by external (fertilizer) perturbation and was measured in terms of (1) magnitude (amplitude of deflection from ground state, (2) rate of initial response to perturbation, and (3) rate of damping or return to ground state. The degree of deflection from ground state was determined by comparing fertilized (treated) plots with unfertilized (control) plots in each field.During the first growing season the older, more species-rich field was less stable with respect to magnitude and rate of productivity deflection than the younger, less species-rich field at both arthropod consumer levels. In addition, the magnitude of productivity deflection from ground state was lower in the carnivore level than in the herbivore trophic level.By the second growing season, the productivity of the arthropod consumers in the treated plots of the older field had not yet returned to control levels. The productivity of arthropod herbivores in the older field exhibited a relatively lower magnitude of response in 1971 than in 1970, while the arthropod carnivores in the older field exhibited a significantly greater difference from ground state in 1971 than in 1970.It was concluded that ( 1) the magnitude of deflection caused by the enrichment perturbation was decreased up the trophic levels from the herbivore to the carnivore level, (2) the rate of response to perturbation decreased up the trophic levels, and (3) although in control plots diversity increased and productivity decreased with increasing successional age for both trophic levels, stability was not positively related to either higher diversity or to increasing age in either consumer trophic level in this old-field successional ecosystem.

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Direct and Indirect Effects of Short Term Ionizing Radiation on Old‐Field Succession

Abstract: TABLE 4. Life history stages of flood plain successional species. R= rosette or germinant stage, S= stem elongation, F= flower or fruit, D= dormant or seed only, r= occurs in irradiated field, c= occurs in control field.

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

Insecticide Effects on Early Succession in an Old Field Ecosystem

An Empirical Test of Community Stability: Resistance of a Fouling Community to a Biological Patch‐Forming Disturbance

Stability in Relation to Nutrient Enrichment in Arthropod Consumers of Old‐Field Successional Ecosystems

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