Direct costs of myopia in Singapore

Lim, Marcus; Gazzard, Gus; Sim, E-L; Tong, Louis; Sm, Saw

doi:10.1038/eye.2008.225

Cited by 96 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The rising prevalence of myopia and the growing proportion of high myopia have significant economic and social impacts, which have led to increased interests in therapies that slow down myopia progression [1,2]. At present, orthokeratology (OK) is the most effective non-pharmacological method in slowing down myopia progression compared to the use of single-vision spectacle lenses (SV) [3][4][5], bifocal spectacles [6], progressive addition lenses [7,8], soft lenses [9], and rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGP) [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher spherical equivalent refractive errors is associated with slower axial elongation wearing orthokeratology

Chen

et al. 2016

Contact Lens and Anterior Eye

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher spherical equivalent refractive errors is associated with slower axial elongation wearing orthokeratology

Chen

et al. 2016

Contact Lens and Anterior Eye

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“…58 Another regional cross-sectional investigation revealed a considerable financial burden for myopic individuals in Singapore. 59 It has also been well documented that myopes, especially high myopes, tend to suffer from compromised quality of life owing to various influences from functional, psychological, cosmetic, and financial factors. [60][61][62] Individuals with high myopia were reported to have significantly lower vision-related quality of life than those with none, mild, or moderate myopes.…”

Section: Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of myopia

Foster

Jiang²

2014

Eye

335

270

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Myopia is one of the most prevalent disorders of the eye. Higher myopia is associated with comorbidities that increase risks of severe and irreversible loss of vision, such as retinal detachment, subretinal neovascularization, dense cataract, and glaucoma. In recent years, reports from population-based prevalence studies carried out in various geographical areas now give a clear picture of the current distribution of refractive error. The scarcity of data from well-designed longitudinal cohort studies is still yet to be addressed. These studies have confirmed the previous data indicating that prevalence of refractive error varies according to ethnicity and geographic regions, and also point to an increase in myopia prevalence over the past half-century. The problem is particularly pronounced in affluent, industrialised areas of East Asia. Environmental risk factors for myopia related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been identified. The past decade has seen a greater understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms that determine refractive error, giving further support to the belief that myopia is the result of a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. This review summarizes data on the prevalence, incidence, progression, associations, risk factors, and impact from recent epidemiological studies on myopia.

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“…In Singapore, the mean annual direct cost of myopia for each Singaporean school children aged 7-9 years was estimated to be US$148. 2 In the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported the annual direct cost of correcting distance vision impairment due to refractive errors to be between US$3.9 and US$7.2 billion. 3 The medical burden of high myopia includes pathologic complications such as myopic macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularisation, cataract and glaucoma.…”

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confidence: 99%

Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia

Pan

Ramamurthy

Saw

2011

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

731

569

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Background: Myopia, the most common type of refractive error, is a complex trait including both genetic and environmental factors. Numerous studies have tried to elucidate the aetiology of myopia. However, the exact aetiology of myopia is still unclear. Purpose: To summarize the worldwide patterns and trends for the prevalence of myopia and to evaluate the risk factors for myopia in population-based studies. Recent findings: The prevalences of myopia vary across populations of different regions and ethnicities. In population-based studies on children, the prevalence of myopia has been reported to be higher in urban areas and Chinese ethnicity. The regional and racial difference is not so obvious in adult populations aged over 40 years. More time spent on near work, less time outdoors, higher educational level and parental history of myopia have been reported to increase the risk of myopia. Conclusions: Environmental factors play a crucial role in myopia development. The effect of gene-environment interaction on the aetiology of myopia is still controversial with inconsistent findings in different studies. A relatively hyperopic periphery can stimulate compensating eye growth in the centre. Longitudinal cohort studies or randomized clinical trials of community-based health behaviour interventions should be conducted to further clarify the aetiology of myopia.

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Direct costs of myopia in Singapore

Cited by 96 publications

References 14 publications

Higher spherical equivalent refractive errors is associated with slower axial elongation wearing orthokeratology

Higher spherical equivalent refractive errors is associated with slower axial elongation wearing orthokeratology

Epidemiology of myopia

Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia

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