Direct in-situ observation of early age void evolution in sustainable cement paste containing fly ash or limestone

EcoBlendNet: A physics-informed neural network for optimizing supplementary material replacement to reduce the carbon footprint during cement hydration

“…The porosity is an essential parameter in defining concrete strength. The porosity of cement paste significantly affects hardened concrete's mechanical, durability, and dimensional stability behavior [45]. A lower porosity with sufficient binding material can proceed to the higher-strength concrete.…”