Direct measurement of chirp parameters of high-speed Mach–Zehnder-type optical modulators

Kawanishi, Tetsuya; Kogo, Kenji; Oikawa, Satoshi; Izutsu, Masayuki

doi:10.1016/s0030-4018(01)01352-9

Cited by 69 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Imbalance of the two interfering amplitudes at the output coupler of the MZM dominates the residual output in the off-state, where a typical ER of a fabricated MZM is less than 35 dB. By using x-cut lithium niobate substrate with symmetric electrode configuration, we can fabricate a so-called zero chirp modulator, where the intrinsic chirp parameter |α 0 | is less than 0.2. α 0 shows imbalance of electric field intensity induced by modulating signal, and is proportional to residual phase modulation in small signal intensity modulation with quadrature bias condition [5].…”

Section: Optical Amplitude Modulation By a Balanced Mzmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a parallel MZM consisting of N sub MZM elements, (2N − 1)-dimensional bias control is needed to fix optical phase differences of lightwaves in the elements. Thus, complex bias control is needed, to achieve precise characterization of parallel MZMs by using conventional techniques [5]. For example, when we measure the first MZM element of a QPMZM, optical phase differences in the second, third and fourth elements should be π to turn off other elements than the first, where sideband components including the zeroth-order would be used to obtain halfwave voltage, etc.…”

Section: Characterization Of Parallel Mzmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A k , α 0,k and η k can be derived from simultaneous transcendental equations. As described in [5], halfwave voltages and ER can be calculated from A k and η k . Four MZM elements in a QPMZM have balanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers for push-pull operation [8,11].…”

Section: Characterization Of Parallel Mzmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 (b), where the difference in the halfwave voltages of the MZM elements was less than 6%. The chirp parameters (intrinsic chirp parameters defined in [5]) and on-off extinction-ratios of MZM elements are shown in Fig. 11.…”

Section: Characterization Of Parallel Mzmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Integrated modulators for advanced modulation formats can be built with optical phase modulators. Mach-Zehnder interferometer based modulators (Mach-Zehnder modulator: MZM, henceforth) consisting of two high-speed optical phase modulators can control lightwave amplitude, precisely [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators for quadrature amplitude modulation

Kawanishi

2011

IEICE Electron. Express

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This paper describes optical quadrature amplitude modulation techniques using parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs). Arbitrary constellations of optical signals can be generated by using a dual-parallel MZM which can independently control real and imaginary components of lightwaves, where each MZM should be driven by multi-level electric signals. Many parallel MZMs, such as quad-parallel MZMs, octet-parallel MZMs can synthesize optical multi-level signals from binary data stream generated by electronics designed for binary modulation formats. We also investigate characterization methods of parallel MZMs. Precise measurement of half-wave voltage, extinction ratio and chirp parameter of each MZM element can be achieved by using optical spectrum analysis.

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Section: Optical Amplitude Modulation By a Balanced Mzmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Parallel Mzmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Parallel Mzmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Parallel Mzmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators for quadrature amplitude modulation

Kawanishi

2011

IEICE Electron. Express

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High‐Speed Optical Communications Using Advanced Modulation Formats

Kawanishi

2016

Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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Conventional optical transmission systems use simple modulation techniques, while radio‐wave wireless systems rely on advanced modulation formats to increase spectral efficiency. However, state‐of‐the‐art optical modulation techniques can provide precise and high‐speed control of lightwave for advanced modulation formats, so the difference in modulation formats becomes small enough to use optical modulation techniques for radio‐wave communications. This article reviews high‐speed optical communication systems and focusing on optical modulation and demodulation technologies. Recently developed vector modulation techniques, which can control amplitude, phase, and frequency comprehensively, are discussed. In addition, high‐performance digital signal processing and narrow‐linewidth lasers, enabling recovery of optical phase under fluctuation of lasers or fibers, are also presented.

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The Electro‐optic Effect in Waveguides

Boudrioua¹

2009

Photonic Waveguides

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Direct measurement of chirp parameters of high-speed Mach–Zehnder-type optical modulators

Cited by 69 publications

References 12 publications

Parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators for quadrature amplitude modulation

Parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators for quadrature amplitude modulation

High‐Speed Optical Communications Using Advanced Modulation Formats

The Electro‐optic Effect in Waveguides

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