The Klotho gene is a suppressor of the aging phenomena, and the secretion as well as the circulation of Klotho proteins decrease with aging. Although habitual exercise has antiaging effects (e.g., a decrease in arterial stiffness), the relationship between Klotho and habitual exercise remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of habitual exercise on Klotho, with a particular focus on arterial stiffness. First, we examined the correlation between plasma Klotho concentration and arterial stiffness (carotid artery compliance and ␤-stiffness index) or aerobic exercise capacity [oxygen uptake at ventilatory threshold (VT)] in 69 healthy, postmenopausal women (50 -76 years old) by conducting a cross-sectional study. Second, we tested the effects of aerobic exercise training on plasma Klotho concentrations and arterial stiffness. A total of 19 healthy, postmenopausal women (50 -76 years old) were divided into two groups: control group and exercise group. The exercise group completed 12 wk of moderate aerobic exercise training. In the crosssectional study, plasma Klotho concentrations positively correlated with carotid artery compliance and VT and negatively correlated with the ␤-stiffness index. In the interventional study, aerobic exercise training increased plasma Klotho concentrations and carotid artery compliance and decreased the ␤-stiffness index. Moreover, the changes in plasma Klotho concentration and arterial stiffness were found to be correlated. These results suggest a possible role for secreted Klotho in the exercise-induced modulation of arterial stiffness.Klotho; aerobic exercise; arterial stiffness AN INCREASE IN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (22, 51). Arterial stiffness is known to increase with aging (39). Moreover, menopause augments the age-related increase in arterial stiffness (56), and older women have higher arterial stiffness than do men (52). Furthermore, habitual aerobic exercise decreases arterial stiffness in middle-aged and elderly individuals and postmenopausal women (45,47). Several reports have suggested that the mechanisms by which aerobic exercise training decreases the arterial stiffness could be partly mediated by the enhancement of endothelial function, suppression of oxidative stress, and inflammation (24,27,46). However, the precise mechanism underlying the aerobic exercise-induced modulation of arterial stiffness remains unclear.

We introduce a new concept for stimulated-Brillouin-scattering-based slow light in optical fibers that is applicable for broadly-tunable frequency-swept sources. It allows slow light to be achieved, in principle, over the entire transparency window of the optical fiber. We demonstrate a slow light delay of 10 ns at 1.55 μm using a 10-m-long photonic crystal fiber with a source sweep rate of 400 MHz/μs and a pump power of 200 mW. We also show that there exists a maximal delay obtainable by this method, which is set by the SBS threshold, independent of sweep rate. For our fiber with optimum length, this maximum delay is ~38 ns, obtained for a pump power of 760 mW., "Ultraslow group velocity and enhanced nonlinear optical effects in a coherently driven hot atomic gas," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(26), 5229-5232 (1999). "Tunable all-optical delays via Brillouin slow light in an optical fiber," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(15), 153902 (2005). 8. K. Y. Song, M. Herráez, and L. Thévenaz, "Observation of pulse delaying and advancement in optical fibers using stimulated Brillouin scattering," Opt.

We demonstrated that aerobic exercise training significantly decreased plasma ADMA concentrations with increase in carotid arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. These results suggest that reduction in ADMA may play an important role in the aerobic exercise training-induced increase in arterial compliance.

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