“…After its recovery and purification by distillation, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid is added to hydrolyze lactonitrile to lactic acid, which is then esterified with methanol to produce methyl lactate, and this is recovered and purified by distillation. The purified methyl lactate is finally hydrolyzed in acidic aqueous solution to lactic acid and methanol, the latter being recycled in the same process (Dey & Pal, 2012;Narayanan, Roychoudhury, & Srivastava, 2004a). Other chemical routes for lactic acid synthesis include base-catalyzed degradation of sugars, oxidation of propylene glycol, carbon monoxide and water at high temperature and pressure, hydrolysis of chloropropionic acid, and nitric acid oxidation of propylene, among others (John, Sukumaran, Nampoothiri, & Pandey, 2007).…”