Direct recovery: A sustainable recycling technology for spent lithium-ion battery

Wu, Jiawei; Zheng, Mengting; Liu, Tiefeng; Wang, Yao; Liu, Yujing; Nai, Jianwei; Zhang, Liang; Zhang, Shanqing; Tao, Xin

doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2022.09.029

Cited by 173 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…We have also provided the comparative data in the form of Radar plot of the existing techniques from very recent published paper. The data for the Radar plot has been taken from the source [78] which provide a more clarity towards the beneficials of direct relithiation to maintain the circular economy as shown in Figure 12(e). The direct recycling of spent LIBs is considered as an emerging technology to maintain the original chemical structure and process value of battery materials by recovering and reusing directly [79] …”

Section: Beneficial Aspects Of Direct Recycling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

Raj

Sahoo

Nikoloski

et al. 2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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Batteries & Supercaps www.batteries-supercaps.org Review doi.org/10.1002/batt.202200418The inherent advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electronic gadgets is expanding exponentially, and the ongoing surge of electric vehicles (EVS) in the near future will result in an unprecedented amount of lithium waste. Used cathode materials contain hazardous metal toxic, polymer binder, and electrolytes, posing a serious risk to the environment and public health. For socio-environmental reasons, it is required to recover all valuable metals or to immediately relithiate the used cathode materials by adding suitable salts in the stoichiometric ratio. As the consumption of batteries increases over time in daily life, recycling LIBs will become more and more crucial. Compared to the traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical routes, direct recycling technologies can regenerate electrodes without using an intensive energy or chemicals, which saves money and reduces secondary waste. As a result, the authors emphasise direct relithiation methods for spent cathode relithiation, such as hydrothermal, ionothermal, electrochemical, and molten salts. In-depth analysis and discussion are also given to the aforementioned approaches. The deactivation, disintegration, and separation processes used in the physical processing of black mass and other constituents are discussed. We reviewed the obstacles, possible commercialization of technology, and recommendations to the reviewer for the developing ecologically friendly recycling technology in the near future toward the circular economy.

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Section: Beneficial Aspects Of Direct Recycling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

Raj

Sahoo

Nikoloski

et al. 2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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“…On the other hand, the amount of valuable metals in LIBs far exceeds the proportion in many minerals, and thus recycling can help to significantly reduce the strain on mineral supplies, while also having positive economic effects. 2 Countries are also actively supporting the lithium-ion battery recycling industry at the policy level to stimulate the lithium industry to actively recycle and reuse used batteries and support economic strategies at the national level. 3 In addition, the development and application of energy storage batteries require both extended cycle life and sustainability of key materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Lin

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2023

Energy Environ. Sci.

130

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“…When facing the ever-increasing energy demand, it becomes rather clear that, aside from high performance, future research is expected to pay special attention to the sustainability of batteries involving the availability and recyclability of materials/elements. − At this stage, the imminent end-of-life management of spent lithium-ion batteries is stressing the academia and industrial sectors. Meanwhile, the iteration between current and advanced energy storage technologies may lead to gaps regarding the materials, resulting in a huge waste of resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Regeneration of Spent Graphite as a Cathode Material for a High-Performance Dual-Ion Battery

Zheng

Wang

Qian

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A resource-efficient and energy-saving recycling process is vital for establishing a sustainable circular economy of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose and use a one-step water-based recycling process to recycle and regenerate the graphite anode materials from spent LIBs. This process can not only successfully regenerate graphite from a solid electrolyte interface, dead lithium, and residual electrolyte and maintain its long-range-ordered layer graphite structure but also enlarge the interlayer distance and introduce abundant oxygen-containing functional groups to the as-regenerated graphite. Our electrochemical characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that expanded interlayer spacing and the oxygen-containing moieties make the regenerated graphite more suitable for storing PF6 – rather than Li+. As such, the as-regenerated graphite facilitates resultant graphite dual-ion batteries (GDIBs) with impressive rate performance and stability, for example, an 85.3% capacity retention even after 500 cycles at 1 A g–1. Such a simple waste-to-resource strategy proposed in this work is expected to provide a low-cost and inspiring recycling pathway for spent LIBs and enable the sustainable manufacturing of GDIBs.

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Direct recovery: A sustainable recycling technology for spent lithium-ion battery

Cited by 173 publications

References 160 publications

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Sustainable Regeneration of Spent Graphite as a Cathode Material for a High-Performance Dual-Ion Battery

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