Direct Synthesis of Bulk Boron-Doped Graphitic Carbon

Stadie, Nicholas P.; Billeter, Emanuel; Piveteau, Laura; Kravchyk, Kostiantyn V.; Döbeli, M.; Kovalenko, Maksym V.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00376

Cited by 66 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…Boron doping is an efficient route to lower the Fermi level of carbon by introducing electron deficiency into the carbon structure and forming a p ‐doped semiconductor, which leads to increased capacity of intercalated sodium ions . In addition, the B‐doped carbon can still keep the planar structure of carbon without obvious structure deformation.…”

Section: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance Of Heteroatom‐dopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The obtained B‐OLC contained 5.52 at% boron and showed an obvious graphite ring (002), indicating the conversion of nanodiamond into the sp 2 carbon phase. Kovalenko and co‐workers synthesized a bulk B‐doped graphitic carbon through a one‐step thermal method with liquid boron tribromide and benzene as precursors . The obtained B‐doped graphitic carbon shows a flake‐like morphology with dark metallic luster.…”

Section: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance Of Heteroatom‐dopementioning

confidence: 99%

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Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2018

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the standard electrochemical potential of Na (2.71 V vs Na + /Na) is lower than that of Li (3.04 V vs Li + /Li), the successful academic and commercial experiences of LIBs can be referred by SIBs. Therefore, SIBs have been regarded as the most promising alternatives to LIBs. In the past few years, many novel materials have been developed and evaluated as electrode materials for SIBs. For instance, a number of transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides and fluorides, polyanions, Prussian blue compounds, and organic polymers have been investigated as cathode materials for SIBs. [4][5][6] However, it seems that there are very limited options for SIB anodes. Only a few materials have shown satisfactory sodium storage performance, such as carbonaceous materials, metal alloys, metal oxides and sulfides, and Ti-based oxides (TiO 2 and sodium titanate). [7][8][9] Among them, carbonaceous materials, especially the hard carbons and heteroatom-doped carbons, are mostly investigated because of their low cost, abundant resource, and high electronic conductivity. [10][11][12][13][14] In addition, doping carbons with heteroatoms such as B, N, O, S, and P have been regarded as an effective method to improve the physicochemical properties of carbonaceous materials. [15,16] Among the heteroatom-doped carbons, N-doped carbons have become the most studied materials for improving the sodium storage performance over the past several years. It is also proved that doping with other heteroatoms can increase the sodium storage capacity by introducing defects, enhancing the conductivity, improving the porosity, or optimizing the interlayer of carbon. In recent years, several groups have reviewed the progress of carbonaceous materials for energy applications, such as LIBs, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and solar cells. For example, in 2013 Paraknowitsch and Thomas reviewed the development of carbon materials and their use in energy devices. [17] They suggested that S and P doping could induce the structural distortion and change the charge density of the carbons due to their different atom size and electronegativity from carbon, while B codoping could create synergistic effect on performance improvement. In 2015, Peng and co-workers presented the progress of carbonaceous electrode materials including fullerene, carbon nanotube, graphene, and mesoporous carbon for energy conversion and storage devices. [18] Particularly, N-doped multiwalled carbon nanotube have widely used in solar cells, while N-and B-doped graphene and N/P-codoped reduced graphene oxide have played important roles in LIBs. In 2016, Ji and co-workers focused Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) show promising application in large-scale energy storage as future alternatives to lithium-ion batteries. Carbonaceous materials are attractive anode candidates for SIBs due to low cost, abundance, and high safety. In general, doping heteroatoms such as N, B, O, S, and P in carbon-based materials gives rise to high electronic mobility, good sodium mobility, and enhanced capacity, showi...

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Section: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance Of Heteroatom‐dopementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance Of Heteroatom‐dopementioning

confidence: 99%

Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2018

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“…There have been few experimental reports focused on the electrochemical performance of boron‐doped carbon materials. Stadie et al showed that B‐doped amorphous carbon synthesized by a reaction between benzene and boron tribromide in a closed reactor at an elevated temperature, delivered a reversible capacity around 278 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , as shown in Figure g,h. It is a pity that the electrochemical performance of the undoped carbon was not provided.…”

Section: Heteroatom Doping To Obtain a Higher Reactivitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Heteroatom Doping To Obtain a Higher Reactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Functionalized Carbon Surface for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage

Lin

Jun

et al. 2019

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The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902603. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage systems and carbon materials are the most likely candidates for their electrodes. The existence of defects in carbon materials is crucial for increasing the sodium storage ability. However, both the reversible capacity and efficiency need to be further improved. Functionalization is a direct and feasible approach to address this issue. Based on the structural changes in carbon materials produced by surface functionalization, three basic categories are defined: heteroatom doping, grafting of functional groups, and the shielding of defects. Heteroatom doping can improve the electrochemical reactivity, and the grafting of functional groups can promote both the diffusion-controlled bulk process and surface-confined capacitive process. The shielding of defects can further increase the efficiency and cyclic stability without sacrificing reversible capacity. In this Review, recent progresses in the ways to produce surface functionalization are presented and the related impact on the physical and chemical properties of carbon materials is discussed. Moreover, the critical issues, challenges, and possibilities for future research are summarized. Sodium-Ion Batteries

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“…There is a particular interest in boron doped graphite, as previous experimental results suggest that boron can be doped into graphite at a wide range of concentrations and that such doping leads to an increase in lithium intercalation voltage, in agreement with our calculation and theory. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] For example, experiments have shown that boron can be doped into graphite from low concentrations around 0-3 at% 18,23,28 to very high concentration of 25-50 at% without loss of the graphite structure. 19,21,29 In the case of very high concentrations, Stadie et al 21 showed that the boron concentration in direct synthesis can be continuously varied up until 25 at% without the formation of carbide and that boron doping is accompanied by increased capacity/voltage.…”

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Modulation of Ionic Current Limitations by Doping Graphite Anodes

Fitzhugh

2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Density functional theory calculations were performed to study the impact of carbon site doping on akali metal intercalation behavior into graphite compounds. Substitutional boron doping was shown to effectively increase the intercalation potential of graphite versus both lithium and sodium metal anodes. The reduced graphite Fermi level of boron doped graphite was shifted away from the π * antibonding domain toward the more stable π bonds, hence lowering the reduction potential and improving the formation energy for the intercalated graphite. It was further discussed how such methods could be used to improve the intrinsic rate capability of graphite anodes in lithium ion batteries and also enable the use of graphite anodes in sodium ion batteries. We derive an expression representing the transition between thermodynamically favorable intercalation and kinetically favorable metal plating in terms of the applied current. For currents below this transition level, plating should be minimal. This transition point is shown to grow with intercalation voltage, hence higher current capability in acceptor doped systems.) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 140.247.87.67 Downloaded on 2018-07-23 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 140.247.87.67 Downloaded on 2018-07-23 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 140.247.87.67 Downloaded on 2018-07-23 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 140.247.87.67 Downloaded on 2018-07-23 to IP

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Direct Synthesis of Bulk Boron-Doped Graphitic Carbon

Cited by 66 publications

References 45 publications

Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

A Functionalized Carbon Surface for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage

Modulation of Ionic Current Limitations by Doping Graphite Anodes

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