“…As important cathode candidates in LIBs, vanadium oxides and vanadate have attracted extensive interests owing to their abundant reservation, high specific capacity, and high Li + diffusion efficiency (Maingot et al, 1993; Torardi and Miao, 2002; Ng et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2009; Mai et al, 2010a,b; Wee et al, 2010; Liu and Yang, 2011; Pan et al, 2011a; Rui et al, 2011; Varadaraajan et al, 2011; Wang et al, 2011; Liang et al, 2013b; Jian et al, 2014; Zhou et al, 2014; Meng et al, 2016; An et al, 2017). For example, vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) has a high theoretical capacity of 442 mA h g −1 , but its commercialization is still limited by poor cyclic stability (Owens et al, 1999; Cao et al, 2005; Wang et al, 2006).…”