Direct visualization of aqueous tear secretion from lacrimal gland

Kim, Eun Chul; Doh, Sang Hee; Chung, Se Yoon; Yoon, Sun-Young; Kim, Man Soo; Chung, Sung Kun; Shin, Min Chul; Hwang, Ho Sik

doi:10.1111/aos.13335

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, two notable differences exist between species: (i) the combined volume of the two canine glands is smaller than the main lacrimal gland in humans (0.24 vs. 0.60 cm 2 ) 16,17 ; and (ii) the accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring are absent in dogs (or not yet reported), presumably being consolidated through evolution into the single gland of the third eyelid 90 . These accessory glands account for 10% of the total lacrimal secretory mass in humans but their contribution to the overall tear secretion is negligible (1–2%) 10,91 . In rabbits, the histoarchitecture of the main lacrimal gland is comparable to humans with loosely packed acini and round/oval lumen; in contrast, mice and rats have densely packed acini with small pleiomorphic lumen and numerous intercellular tight junctions 14 .…”

Section: Comparative Anatomy and Physiology Of The Ocular Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…90 These accessory glands account for 10% of the total lacrimal secretory mass in humans but their contribution to the overall tear secretion is negligible (1-2%). 10,91 In rabbits, the histoarchitecture of the main lacrimal gland is comparable to humans with loosely packed acini and round/oval lumen; in contrast, mice and rats have densely packed acini with small pleiomorphic lumen and numerous intercellular tight junctions. 14 Like humans, rabbits also possess accessory lacrimal glands of Wolfring in the tarsal portion of the palpebral conjunctiva.…”

Section: Lacrimal Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

Sebbag

Mochel

2020

Medicinal Research Reviews

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Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (i.e., rabbits, mice, and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or noninvasively induced ocular surface disorders (e.g., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).

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Section: Comparative Anatomy and Physiology Of The Ocular Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lacrimal Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

Sebbag

Mochel

2020

Medicinal Research Reviews

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“…Recently, Kim et al [13] introduced a new method for direct observation of tear secretion from the palpebral lobes of the main lacrimal glands and Wolfring glands, one of the accessory lacrimal glands, using fluorescein dye. Interestingly, the mean number of excretory openings of the palpebral lobe and the mean tear flow rate from the palpebral lobe were significantly impaired in the dry eye group, compared to the healthy subject group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractory Dry Eye Syndrome after Transconjunctival Excision of the Palpebral Lobe of the Lacrimal Gland

et al. 2021

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The aim of the present study was to report two cases of refractory dry eye syndrome (DES) after transconjunctival excision of the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland. A 25-year-old female patient with a chief complaint of a palpable mass in both upper eyelids visited our medical center. Preoperative orbital computer tomography showed high-attenuation lesions in both lacrimal glands. Incisional biopsy of the lacrimal gland palpebral lobe via transconjunctival incision was performed in January 2019. At 1 month after the biopsy, a lack of tears and persistent corneal erosions were found in both eyes. Artificial tears, punctal occlusion, autologous serum eye drops, and therapeutic contact lenses were applied in an attempt to control the dry eye symptoms. The patient continues to suffer from intractable DES at 2.5 years after the procedure. The second case involved a 52-year-old female patient who visited our medical center with a chief complaint of a palpable mass in both upper eyelids. Bilateral orbital tumors were diagnosed with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. An incisional biopsy of the lacrimal gland was performed. Immunoglobulin G4-related dacryoadenitis was confirmed through lacrimal palpebral lobe incisional biopsy. Intractable DES and corneal erosion of her left eye persisted thereafter. A transconjunctival incision is an effective approach for minimizing postoperative scars and is suitable for the biopsy of tumors that are visible through the conjunctiva. After a biopsy of the palpebral lobe of the main lacrimal glands, the secretion of reflex tears decreases due to damage to the secreting ducts of the main lacrimal glands. However, total tear secretion can be maintained by basal tear secretion from the accessory lacrimal glands. In this report, we describe two cases of refractory DES due to decreased total tear secretion, although only the palpebral lobes of the main lacrimal glands were biopsied.

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“…Kim and co-authors estimated that the mean flow rate from the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland to be 0.45 μl/min in a dry eye group (low Schirmer 1 and tear film break-up scores) which is almost exactly 50% of the 0.91 μl/min rate found in a healthy subject group [6]. The mean flow from the Wolfring accessory lacrimal glands was only 1.5 and 1.0% of that found from the main lacrimal gland for dry eye and normal subjects, respectively [6]. Apparently, accessory lacrimal gland aqueous production cannot adequately compensate for lacrimal gland insufficiency [7].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In addition, corneal epithelial cells secrete electrolytes and water [5] and conjunctival blood vessels could also leak water, electrolytes and plasma proteins into tears [5]. Kim and co-authors estimated that the mean flow rate from the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland to be 0.45 μl/min in a dry eye group (low Schirmer 1 and tear film break-up scores) which is almost exactly 50% of the 0.91 μl/min rate found in a healthy subject group [6]. The mean flow from the Wolfring accessory lacrimal glands was only 1.5 and 1.0% of that found from the main lacrimal gland for dry eye and normal subjects, respectively [6].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 97%

Aqueous deficiency is a contributor to evaporation-related dry eye disease

McMonnies

2020

Eye and Vis

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Dry eye disease aetiologies can be classified dichotomously into aqueous deficient and evaporative types although many cases involve combinations of both. Differential diagnosis can be confounded by some features of dry eye disease being common to both aetiologies. For example, short tear break-up times are prime diagnostic findings of tear instability due to lipid and/or mucin deficiencies, but thin tear layers in aqueous deficient eyes also shorten tear break-up times, even at normal range rates of evaporation in eyes without lipid and/or mucin deficiencies. Because tear instability and short tear film break-up times due to thin tear layers can be independent of lipid and/ or mucin deficiency, aqueous deficiency can be another form of evaporation-related dry eye. Conversely, tear layers which are thickened by punctal occlusion can be less susceptible to tear break-up. An inflamed lacrimal gland producing reduced quantities of warmer tears can be a basis for thin tear layers and tear instability demonstrated by shorter tear break-up times. Commonly used clinical tests for aqueous deficiency can be unreliable and less sensitive. Consequently, failure to detect or confirm aqueous deficiency as a contributor to short tear break-up times could result in too much weight being given to a diagnosis of meibomian gland deficiency. Less successful treatment outcomes may be a consequence of failing to detect aqueous deficiency. Refining disease classification by considering aqueous deficiency as a contributor to, or even a form of evaporation-related dry eye, could be the basis for more comprehensive and appropriate treatment strategies. For example, some treatment methods for evaporation-related dry eye might be appropriate for aqueous and mucin-deficient as well as lipid-deficient dry eyes. Anti-inflammatory treatment for the lacrimal gland as well as the conjunctiva, may result in increased aqueous production, reduced tear temperature, tear instability and evaporation rates as well as lower osmolarity.

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Direct visualization of aqueous tear secretion from lacrimal gland

Abstract: This visualization method allowed us to directly observe tear secretion from the palpebral lobe of the main lacrimal glands and Wolfring glands, and to quantitatively measure the tear flow rate from the lacrimal glands.

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

Refractory Dry Eye Syndrome after Transconjunctival Excision of the Palpebral Lobe of the Lacrimal Gland

Aqueous deficiency is a contributor to evaporation-related dry eye disease

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