To improve light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes ͑OLEDs͒, we introduced a photonic crystal pattern into the glass substrate of an OLED. The periodic modulation converts the guided waves in the high-refractive-index indium-tin-oxide/organic layers into external leaky waves. We used the finite-difference time-domain method to optimize the structural parameters of the photonic crystal pattern and to analyze the microcavity effect by the metallic cathode of the OLED. With the use of an optimized photonic crystal pattern, an increase of over 80% in the extraction efficiency of the OLED is expected theoretically. An increase in the extraction efficiency of over 50% was achieved experimentally, without detriment to the crucial electrical properties of the OLED.

The spin-glass phase persists through the percolation limit into the magnetically ordered phase.[10] At low temperatures the magnetic phase breaks into a number of relatively large, but randomly frozen sub-clusters forming a cluster-glass phase. Hence, the long-range magnetic order is destroyed although magnetic clusters are still present. That v²(T) is sensitive to a magnetic cluster formation supports a ªre-entrantº behavior. For x~0.5 the first magnetic transition occurs at~330 K. Above 200 K, v¢(T) is almost frequency independent, suggesting a formation of the finite magnetic phase. Below 200 K v²(T) abruptly rises indicating a magnetic transition to a different state. Since v²(T) has a frequency dependence characteristic of a spin-glass state, the material re-enters a frozen disordered state. This re-entrant behavior has been observed for the amorphous metallic magnets [10d] ExperimentalDue to the air/water sensitivity of the materials studied, all manipulations and reactions were performed in a Vacuum Atmospheres DriLab glove box (< 1 ppm O 2 and < 1 ppm H 2 O). CH 2 Cl 2 was distilled from CaH 2 . V(CO) 6 and Co 2 (CO) 8 were sublimed at 40 C and 50 mtorr. TCNE was sublimed at 85 C and 50 mtorr to obtain colorless crystalline material.In a typical preparation appropriate equivalents of V(CO) 6 and Co 2 (CO) 8 (providing in total 0.15 mmol of metals) were each dissolved in 5 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 , and then drop-wise added to a stirred filtered solution of TCNE (0.30 mmol) in 10 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 , Equation 1. The solution quickly turned dark with the evolution of CO, and was stirred overnight with venting. The dark amorphous product was filtered, washed with CH 2 Cl 2 , and dried (yield~95 %) [13]. Typical observed elemental analysis (calcd) [14] for V x Co 1±x [TC-NE] Powder samples for magnetic measurements were loaded in airtight Delrin holders and packed with oven-dried quartz wool to prevent movement of the sample in the holder. The DC magnetization temperature dependence was obtained by cooling in zero field and then data were collected on warming in 5 Oe external magnetic field using a Quantum Design MPMS-5XL 5 T SQUID magnetometer equipped with a reciprocating sample measurement system, low field option, and continuous low temperature control with enhanced thermometry features. The AC magnetic susceptibility was measured in 1 Oe ac field (zero DC applied field), at 10, 100, and 1000 Hz. Phase sensitive lock-in detection allowed both the in-phase (v¢) and out-of-phase (v²) linear susceptibilities to be extracted. TGA was performed on a TA Instruments TGA 2050 analyzer. Infrared spectra were obtained using BioRad FTS 40 spectrometer. .± _Co.±- For thin-film organic light-emitting diode (OLED) structures, only a small fraction of total photons generated inside is COMMUNICATIONS 1214

We investigated the potential of a nanofiber-based poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffold to be used for cartilage reconstruction. The mechanical properties of the nanofiber scaffold, degradation of the scaffold and cellular responses to the scaffold under mechanical stimulation were studied. Three different types of scaffold (lactic acid/glycolic acid content ratio = 75 : 25, 50 : 50, or a blend of 75 : 25 and 50 : 50) were tested. The tensile modulus, ultimate tensile stress and corresponding strain of the scaffolds were similar to those of skin and were slightly lower than those of human cartilage. This suggested that the nanofiber scaffold was sufficiently mechanically stable to withstand implantation and to support regenerated cartilage. The 50 : 50 PLGA scaffold was degraded faster than 75 : 25 PLGA, probably due to the higher hydrophilic glycolic acid content in the former. The nanofiber scaffold was degraded faster than a block-type scaffold that had a similar molecular weight. Therefore, degradation of the scaffold depended on the lactic acid/glycolic acid content ratio and might be controlled by mixing ratio of blend PLGA. Cellular responses were evaluated by examining toxicity, cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation using freshly isolated chondrocytes from porcine articular cartilage. The scaffolds were non-toxic, and cell proliferation and ECM formation in nanofiber scaffolds were superior to those in membrane-type scaffolds. Intermittent hydrostatic pressure applied to cell-seeded nanofiber scaffolds increased chondrocyte proliferation and ECM formation. In conclusion, our nanofiber-based PLGA scaffold has the potential to be used for cartilage reconstruction.

The current literature suggests that linolenic acid biohydrogenation converts to stearic acid without the formation of CLA. However, a multitude of CLA were identified in the rumen that are generally attributed to linoleic acid biohydrogenation. This study used a stable isotope tracer to investigate the biohydrogenation intermediates of (13)C-linolenic acid, including CLA. A continuous culture fermenter was used to maintain a mixed microbial population obtained from the rumen of cattle at pH 6.5 for 6 d. The mixed fermenter contents were then transferred to batch cultures containing either (13)C-labeled or unlabeled linolenic acid, which were run in triplicate for 0, 3, 24, and 48 h. The (13)C enrichment was determined by GC-MS. After 48 h of incubation, 8 CLA isomers were significantly enriched, suggesting that these CLA isomers originated directly from linolenic acid. The cis-10, cis-12 CLA isomer exhibited the highest enrichment (21.7%), followed by cis-9, cis-11 and trans-8, trans-10 CLA. The enrichment of these 2 CLA isomers ranged from 20.1 to 21.1% and the remaining 5 CLA including cis-9, trans-11 CLA were <15.0%. A multitude of nonconjugated and partially conjugated 18:2 and 18:3 isomers was enriched during the 48 h of incubation. The results of this study confirm that mixed ruminal microbes are capable of the formation of several CLA and 18:3 isomers from linolenic acid, indicating that linolenic acid biohydrogenation pathways are more complex than previously reported.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between main air pollutants and all cancer mortality by performing a meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, EMBASE (a biomedical and pharmacological bibliographic database of published literature produced by Elsevier), and the reference lists of other reviews until April 2018. A random-effects model was employed to analyze the meta-estimates of each pollutant. A total of 30 cohort studies were included in the final analysis. Overall risk estimates of cancer mortality for 10 µg/m3 per increase of particulate matter (PM)2.5, PM10, and NO2 were 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.24), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04–1.14), and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02–1.10), respectively. With respect to the type of cancer, significant hazardous influences of PM2.5 were noticed for lung cancer mortality and non-lung cancer mortality including liver cancer, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, and kidney cancer, respectively, while PM10 had harmful effects on mortality from lung cancer, pancreas cancer, and larynx cancer. Our meta-analysis of cohort studies indicates that exposure to the main air pollutants is associated with increased mortality from all cancers.