Directional properties of bottlenose dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>) clicks, burst-pulse, and whistle sounds

Branstetter, Brian K.; Moore, Patrick W.; Finneran, James J.; Tormey, Megan; Aihara, Hitomi

doi:10.1121/1.3676694

Cited by 71 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The VS had nothing to do with the goal of the experiments (Ridgway et al, 1969;Ridgway et al, 1984;Ridgway et al, 1991a;Ridgway et al, 1991b;Schlundt et al, 2000;Ridgway et al, 2001;Blackwood, 2003;Moore et al, 2008;Ridgway, 2011;Branstetter et al, 2012;Branstetter et al, 2013). We observed no differences in the trials where no VS was recorded after an SR.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 42%

“…We have heard the VS during different experiments on hearing and sound production (Ridgway and Carder, 1988;Ridgway et al, 1991b;Ridgway and Carder, 1997;Schlundt et al, 2000;Ridgway et al, 2001;Moore et al, 2008;Ridgway, 2011;Branstetter, 2012;Branstetter, 2013). However, in none of these studies did we define the metrics of these incidental vocalizations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forward shift of feeding buzz components of dolphins and belugas during associative learning reveals a likely connection to reward expectation, pleasure and brain dopamine activation

Ridgway

Moore

Carder

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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For many years, we heard sounds associated with reward from dolphins and belugas. We named these pulsed sounds victory squeals (VS), as they remind us of a child's squeal of delight. Here we put these sounds in context with natural and learned behavior. Like bats, echolocating cetaceans produce feeding buzzes as they approach and catch prey. Unlike bats, cetaceans continue their feeding buzzes after prey capture and the after portion is what we call the VS. Prior to training (or conditioning), the VS comes after the fish reward; with repeated trials it moves to before the reward. During training, we use a whistle or other sound to signal a correct response by the animal. This sound signal, named a secondary reinforcer (SR), leads to the primary reinforcer, fish. Trainers usually name their whistle or other SR a bridge, as it bridges the time gap between the correct response and reward delivery. During learning, the SR becomes associated with reward and the VS comes after the SR rather than after the fish. By following the SR, the VS confirms that the animal expects a reward. Results of early brain stimulation work suggest to us that SR stimulates brain dopamine release, which leads to the VS. Although there are no direct studies of dopamine release in cetaceans, we found that the timing of our VS is consistent with a response after dopamine release. We compared trained vocal responses to auditory stimuli with VS responses to SR sounds. Auditory stimuli that did not signal reward resulted in faster responses by a mean of 151 ms for dolphins and 250 ms for belugas. In laboratory animals, there is a 100 to 200 ms delay for dopamine release. VS delay in our animals is similar and consistent with vocalization after dopamine release. Our novel observation suggests that the dopamine reward system is active in cetacean brains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 42%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forward shift of feeding buzz components of dolphins and belugas during associative learning reveals a likely connection to reward expectation, pleasure and brain dopamine activation

Ridgway

Moore

Carder

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…This reduction is likely range dependent and related to a high signal-to-noise ratio of returned echoes when closing in on targets (Au and Benoit-Bird, 2003). Additionally, some studies suggest that the sound-producing organ may not be capable of producing high source levels at higher click rates Beedholm and Miller, 2007;Fenton et al, 2014), although there are also data that suggest the contrary (Branstetter et al, 2012).…”

Section: Buzzesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Discrimination of fast click series produced by tagged Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) for echolocation or communication

Arranz

DeRuiter

Stimpert

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Early studies that categorized odontocete pulsed sounds had few means of discriminating signals used for biosonar-based foraging from those used for communication. This capability to identify the function of sounds is important for understanding and interpreting behavior; it is also essential for monitoring and mitigating potential disturbance from human activities. Archival tags were placed on free-ranging Grampus griseus to quantify and discriminate between pulsed sounds used for echolocation-based foraging and those used for communication. Two types of rapid click-series pulsed sounds, buzzes and burst pulses, were identified as produced by the tagged dolphins and classified using a Gaussian mixture model based on their duration, association with jerk (i.e. rapid change of acceleration) and temporal association with click trains. Buzzes followed regular echolocation clicks and coincided with a strong jerk signal from accelerometers on the tag. They consisted of series averaging 359±210 clicks (mean±s.d.) with an increasing repetition rate and relatively low amplitude. Burst pulses consisted of relatively short click series averaging 45±54 clicks with decreasing repetition rate and longer inter-click interval that were less likely to be associated with regular echolocation and the jerk signal. These results suggest that the longer, relatively lower amplitude, jerkassociated buzzes are used in this species to capture prey, mostly during the bottom phase of foraging dives, as seen in other odontocetes. In contrast, the shorter, isolated burst pulses that are generally emitted by the dolphins while at or near the surface are used outside of a direct, known foraging context.

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“…the dolphin), because of the high directionality of the echolocation beam (e.g. Branstetter et al, 2012). To identify on-axis clicks, we applied criteria that were used in previous studies (e.g.…”

Section: Estimation Of Range and Source Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apparent source level of free-ranging humpback dolphin,Sousa chinensis, in the South China Sea

et al. 2014

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The acoustic performance and behaviour of free-ranging cetaceans requires investigation under natural conditions to understand how wild animals use sound. This is also useful to develop quantitative evaluation techniques for passive acoustic monitoring. There have been limited studies on the acoustics of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin; nevertheless, this species is of particular concern because of the anthropogenic activity in the coastal habitats. In the present study, we used a four-hydrophone array to estimate the apparent source levels (ASLs) of biosonar sequences (click trains), of this species in San-Niang Bay, China. As the dolphins approached the array, 173 click trains were found to meet the criteria of on-axis sounds produced within 60 m of the equipment. In total, 121 unclipped click trains were used for the ASL estimation. The qualified click trains contained 36.3 ± 32.5 clicks, lasting for 1.5 ± 1.5 s, with average inter-click intervals (ICIs) of 51.2 ± 38.3 ms. Average ICIs showed a bimodal distribution, with a cut-off at 20 ms. Short-range click trains, with short ICIs of <20 ms on average, were characterized by smaller ASLs, relatively stable ICIs and a shorter click train duration. The mean back-calculated ASL for humpback dolphins with an approximately maximum body size of 2.5 m was 181.7 ± 7.0 dB re 1 μPa at a distance of 1.6–57.2 m. This value was comparable to that recorded for other dolphins of similar body size, although the ASL estimates obtained in this study might be conservative.

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Directional properties of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) clicks, burst-pulse, and whistle sounds

Cited by 71 publications

References 40 publications

Forward shift of feeding buzz components of dolphins and belugas during associative learning reveals a likely connection to reward expectation, pleasure and brain dopamine activation

Forward shift of feeding buzz components of dolphins and belugas during associative learning reveals a likely connection to reward expectation, pleasure and brain dopamine activation

Discrimination of fast click series produced by tagged Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) for echolocation or communication

Apparent source level of free-ranging humpback dolphin,Sousa chinensis, in the South China Sea

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