Dirty bomb source term characterization and downwind dispersion: Review of experimental evidence

Brambilla, Sara; Nelson, Matthew A.; Brown, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107166

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Brambilla et al . recently compiled a comprehensive list of radionuclides that are more likely to be present in a dirty bomb, representing a diverse array of potential threats [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancing radioprotection: A chitosan-based chelating polymer is a versatile radioprotective agent for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against radionuclide contamination

Durand,

Borisova,

Lux

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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To mitigate the risk of radioactive isotope dissemination, the development of preventative and curative measures is of particular interest. For mass treatment, the developed solution must be easily administered, preferably orally, with effective, nontoxic decorporating properties against a wide range of radioactive isotopes. Currently, most orally administered chelation therapy products are quickly absorbed into the blood circulation, where chelation of the radioactive isotope is a race against time due to the short circulation half-life of the therapeutic. This report presents an alternative therapeutic approach by using a functionalized chitosan (chitosan@DOTAGA) with chelating properties that remains within the gastrointestinal tract and is eliminated in feces, that can protect against ingested radioactive isotopes. The polymer shows important in vitro chelation properties towards different metallic cations of importance, including (Cs(I), Ir(III), Th(IV), Tl(I), Sr(II), U(VI) and Co(II)), at different pH (from 1 to 7) representing the different environments in the gastrointestinal tract. An in vivo proof of concept is presented on a rodent model of uranium contamination following an oral administration of Chitosan@DOTAGA. The polymer partially prevents the accumulation of uranium within the kidneys (providing a protective effect) and completely prevents its uptake by the spleen.

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“…Brambilla et al . recently compiled a comprehensive list of radionuclides that are more likely to be present in a dirty bomb, representing a diverse array of potential threats [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the development of a decorporating agent capable of effectively mitigating the effects of a wide range of isotopes is critical. Brambilla et al recently compiled a comprehensive list of radionuclides that are more likely to be present in a dirty bomb, representing a diverse array of potential threats [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing radioprotection: A chitosan-based chelating polymer is a versatile radioprotective agent for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against radionuclide contamination

Durand,

Borisova,

Lux

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Review of particle deposition to and removal from clothing, skin, and hair after a radioactive airborne dispersal event

Brambilla,

Nelson,

Brown

2023

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

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Role of radiation emergency medicine: historical view—a perspective on the past, present, and future

Akashi

2024

Journal of Radiation Research

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The more science progresses, the more life and society change. Medicine also changes with the times and the culture. This is also true for radiation emergency medicine, which includes dose-assessment leading to diagnosis, treatment, medical follow-up and prognosis of persons who have developed acute injury or illness due to radioactive contamination or radiation exposure. Before the report of X-rays by Roentgen, there was evidence that X-rays had been emitted from the electrically excited Crookes tube and that skin injury had been caused by the X-rays. Thus, the history of radiation and its exposure started before Roentgen. During the early stage of radiation use, people were simply exposed to radiation but were unaware of any danger. Radioactive materials were found soon after Roentgen’s report, and contamination with these materials occurred. Together with the development of science and technology, sophisticated radiation devices were produced, and the use and application of radiation became much enhanced. New radionuclides were found one after another, leading to identification of different qualities of radiation. Development of nuclear physics allowed people to artificially produce radionuclides and to construct a nuclear reactor. After World War II, nuclear power plants were constructed, and related facilities such as nuclear fuel processing, reprocessing and spent fuel storage facilities were built. If radiation accidents or events occur at such facilities, radiation exposure with thermal or chemical burns could occur. Together with the expansion of globalism in the world and division in the society, there are now increasing concerns regarding the malicious usage of radiation by radiological dispersal devices (RDDs) including a dirty bomb. Upon detonation of RDDs, blast and thermal injuries with radiation exposure could be caused. In the present society, the natures of exposure to radiation and contamination with radioactive materials have become much more complicated. Not even mentioning the atomic bomb, the detonation of RDDs also necessitates scenarios of medical responses to complicated injuries and the involvement of numbers of people. This article looks back at the history of radiation and addresses the medical responses to radiation injuries that change with the times.

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Dirty bomb source term characterization and downwind dispersion: Review of experimental evidence

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Enhancing radioprotection: A chitosan-based chelating polymer is a versatile radioprotective agent for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against radionuclide contamination

Enhancing radioprotection: A chitosan-based chelating polymer is a versatile radioprotective agent for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against radionuclide contamination

Review of particle deposition to and removal from clothing, skin, and hair after a radioactive airborne dispersal event

Role of radiation emergency medicine: historical view—a perspective on the past, present, and future

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