The long-term psychological effects associated with the Holocaust are still under debate (for a review, see Bar-On et al., 1998). For example, Krell (1993) showed that most Holocaust survivors have managed to raise families and successfully adapt to their social environments (cf. Leon, Butcher, Kleinman, Goldberg, & Almagor, 1981). At the same time, longterm effects of the Holocaust have been discovered, including chronic anxiety and depression (Niederland, 1968), personality disorders (Dor Shav, 1978), and unsatisfactory marital relationships, which have been called "despair marriages" (Danieli, 1981). Clinicians working with Holocaust survivors describe an even