Discovery of carbon-based strongest and hardest amorphous material

Zhang, Shuangshuang; Zi-he, LI; Luo, Kun; He, Julong; Gao, Yufei; Солдатов, А. В.; Benavides, Vicente; Shi, Kaiyuan; Nie, Anmin; Zhang, Bin; Hu, Wentao; Ma, Mengdong; Liu, Yong; Wen, Bin; Gao, Guoying; Liu, Bing; Zhang, Yang; Shu, Yu; Yu, Dongli; Zhou, Xiaoqiang; Zhao, Zhisheng; Xu, Bo; Su, Lei; Yang, Guoqiang; Chernogorova, O. P.; Tian, Yongjun

doi:10.1093/nsr/nwab140

Cited by 66 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…We have also estimated the clathrate hardness using the macroscopic hardness model developed by Chen and coworkers, as implemented in MechElastic code [32,38]. A value of 21.6GPa was found, in agreement with the observed moderate elastic constants [13,26]. The C 60based carbon clathrate with bigger cages and 20% of sp 2 carbons has a lower mechanical performance than the reported theoretical carbon clathrates, having smaller cages and being fully sp 3 -bonded.…”

supporting

confidence: 71%

“…Carbon has exceptional flexibility as shown by the profusion of allotropes with distinct physical and chemical properties [3,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Despite the large number of geometries carbon constructs may adopt, no carbon clathrate has been synthesized so far, in contrast to other group IV elements.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand Lyapin and coworkers reported a cubic 3D C 60 polymer obtained at 12.5GPa with 60% of its atoms in sp 3 hybridization state [25]. Recently, Zhang and coworkers subjected fullerite C 60 to 25GPa to synthesize three amorphous phases with an estimated ratio of sp 3 carbons between 43% and 72% [26].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Clathrate Structure of Fullerite C60

Laranjeira¹,

Marques²,

Melle‐Franco³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Investigations of clathrate structures have gained a new impetus with the recent discovery of room-temperature superconductivity in metal hydrides. Here we report the finding, through density functional theory calculations, of a clathrate phase in the fullerite C60 system. Intermolecular bonds of the type 5/5 2+3 cycloaddition are induced between each C60 molecule and its twelve nearest neighbors in the face centered cubic lattice. Remarkably, this bonding creates on octahedral sites new C60 cages, identical to the original ones, and on tetrahedral sites distorted sodalite-like cages. The resulting carbon clathrate has a Pm 3 simple cubic structure with half of the original face centered lattice constant. Eighty per cent of its atoms are sp 3 -hybridized, driving a narrowgap semiconducting behavior, a moderate bulk modulus of 268GPa and an estimated hardness of 21.6GPa. This new phase is likely to be prepared by subjecting C60 to high pressure and high temperature conditions.

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confidence: 71%

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confidence: 99%

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Clathrate Structure of Fullerite C60

Laranjeira¹,

Marques²,

Melle‐Franco³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…It is worth noting that EELS analysis of the sample sintered at 25 GPa and 1400 °C, as shown in Figure S9 (Supporting Information), revealed some carbon‐rich regions at grain boundaries (especially at triple junctions), showing the signature of a carbon phase (i.e., the EELS peak near 323 eV) with mixed amorphous carbon and diamond. [ 55,56 ] These features are related to the carbon‐rich surface of precursor nanoparticles and indicate limited mass transport under this sintering condition. Nonetheless, their contribution to hardness is negligible due to the very small amount, and the hardness enhancement can be ascribed to the remarkably reduced grain size in the fully dense bulk.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocrystalline Cubic Silicon Carbide: A Route to Superhardness

Sun

Wei

et al. 2022

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Superhard materials other than diamond and cubic boron nitride have been actively pursued in the past two decades. Cubic silicon carbide, i.e., β‐SiC, is a well‐known hard material with typical hardness <30 GPa. Although nanostructuring has been proven to be effective in enhancing materials’ hardness by virtue of the Hall–Petch effect, it remains a significant challenge to improve hardness of β‐SiC beyond the superhard threshold of 40 GPa. Here, the fabrication of nanocrystalline β‐SiC bulks is reported by sintering nanoparticles under high pressure and high temperature. These β‐SiC bulks are densely sintered with average grain sizes down to 10 nm depending on the sintering conditions, and the Vickers hardness increases with decreasing grain size following the Hall–Petch relation. Particularly, the bulk sintered under 25 GPa and 1400 °C shows an average grain size of 10 nm and an asymptotic Vickers hardness of 41.5 GPa. Boosting the hardness of β‐SiC over the superhard threshold signifies an important progress in superhard materials research. A broader family of superhard materials is in sight through successful implementation of nanostructuring in other hard materials such as BP.

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“…[2,14,15] The strength of the material can be improved by ultrahigh hot pressure sintering, adding diamond powder, and other means, to introduce sp 3 hybridized bond into carbonaceous material. [16][17][18] However, this does not improve the strain of the material. Crystalline carbon cannot be replaced by amorphous carbon in aerospace, nuclear industry, medical implantation, and other fields where the material strength plays an important role.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar‐Derived Isotropic Nanoscale Polycrystalline Graphite Capable of Considerable Plastic Deformation

et al. 2022

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plasticity under compressive stress, suggesting that such deformation can be controlled. [2] However, this material is strongly anisotropic owing to its limited number of slip systems. Micro-or nanostructure design has already been employed in some vdW materials to enhance plasticity, such as BN, which opens a new avenue for large plastic deformation of polycrystalline vdW materials. [3] Achieving large deformation in graphite or graphene by means of microstructure manipulation also attracts researchers' attention. [4][5][6][7] The sp 2 hybridization in graphene layers makes them capable of resisting in-plane stretching and compression, while their ability to bend and fold enables them to sustain large elastic distortions. These features have been demonstrated in carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene sheets, and fullerenes. [8] Carbonaceous materials are classified as amorphous carbon and crystalline carbon. Graphite crystallites typically do not grow in amorphous carbon, even after heat treatment at high temperatures. Thus, amorphous carbon Obtaining large plastic deformation in polycrystalline van der Waals (vdW) materials is challenging. Achieving such deformation is especially difficult in graphite because it is highly anisotropic. The development of sugar-derived isotropic nanostructured polycrystalline graphite (SINPG) is discussed herein. The structure of this material preserves the high in-plane rigidity and out-of-plane flexibility of graphene layers and enables prominent plasticity by activating the rotation of nanoscale (5-10 nm) grains. Thus, micrometersized SINPG samples demonstrate enhanced compressive strengths of up to 3.0 GPa and plastic strains of 30-50%. These findings suggest a new pathway for enabling plastic deformation in otherwise brittle vdW materials. This new class of nanostructured carbon materials is suitable for use in a broad range of fields, from semiconductor to aerospace applications.

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Discovery of carbon-based strongest and hardest amorphous material

Cited by 66 publications

References 50 publications

Clathrate Structure of Fullerite C60

Clathrate Structure of Fullerite C60

Nanocrystalline Cubic Silicon Carbide: A Route to Superhardness

Sugar‐Derived Isotropic Nanoscale Polycrystalline Graphite Capable of Considerable Plastic Deformation

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