Discrete particle simulation of solid flow in a three-dimensional blast furnace sector model

Vertical Section Observation of the Solid Flow in a Blast Furnace with a Cutting Method

“…In addition, it can be found that a vertebral-body deadman exists at the center of the hearth region, and thus, the W shape was obvious at the bottom of the BF model. However, as for the phenomena shown in Figure 3c1, it can be found that when the wall effect was eliminated using the cutting method, the plug flow zone covers most of the area in the BF, which agrees well with the observation shown in the 3D full-circle BF model [27].…”

“…Therefore, in future experiments and simulations, the vertical section of the solid flow should be used to analyze the characteristics of the plug and convergence flows, which is consistent with the literature [25,26]. The experimental cutting method can solve the problem of the wall effect on the burden descending in shaft furnaces, which might have important implications for various industrial applications [24][25][26][27].…”

“…They found that the stagnant zone in the slot model is smaller than that in the 3D model due to the wall effect, and the slot model may not fully describe the solid flow behavior. On the basis of these studies, Yang et al [27] compared three types of models, i.e., full 3D models, slot models, and sector models, and proved that slot models cannot describe the anisotropic solid flow in the tangential direction as a result of the wall effect. The sector model, which was a more reliable simplified model, should be used in the future studies.…”

Particle scale studies of heat transfer in a moving bed

“…The torques acting on particle i by particle j include: M t,ij generated by tangential force, M r,ij commonly known as the rolling friction torque. Their expressions have been listed in the previous publications [26,34,[39][40][41]. In the energy governing equation, k i is the number of particles exchanging heat with particle i, Q i,j is the heat flux between particles i and j due to conduction, Q i,f the heat flux by convection between particle i and its local surrounding fluid, and Q i,rad the heat flux between particle i and its surrounding environment by radiation.…”

“…The approach has been used by many investigators to study coal combustion [30,31], air drying [32], olefin polymerization [33] and the heat transfer in packed and fluidized bed [34][35][36]. A number of attempts have also been made to study multiphase flow in a blast furnace by CFD-DEM [37][38][39][40][41], but few studies are carried out on the heat transfer.…”