The integral membrane protein BlaR1 of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus senses the presence of -lactam antibiotics in the milieu and transduces the information to the cytoplasm, where the biochemical events that unleash induction of antibiotic resistance mechanisms take place. We report herein by two-dimensional and three-dimensional NMR experiments of the sensor domain of BlaR1 in solution and by determination of an x-ray structure for the apo protein that Lys-392 of the antibiotic-binding site is posttranslationally modified by N -carboxylation. Additional crystallographic and NMR data reveal that on acylation of Ser-389 by antibiotics, Lys-392 experiences N -decarboxylation. This unique process, termed the lysine N -decarboxylation switch, arrests the sensor domain in the activated ("on") state, necessary for signal transduction and all the subsequent biochemical processes. We present structural information on how this receptor activation process takes place, imparting longevity to the antibiotic-receptor complex that is needed for the induction of the antibiotic-resistant phenotype in methicillin-resistant S. aureus.An antibiotic-resistant bacterium, which emerged first in the United Kingdom in 1961, disseminated rapidly globally and came to be known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 3 (1, 2). Modern forms of MRSA are broadly resistant to antibiotics of various classes, but resistance to -lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, among others) is most insidious as it encompasses virtually all commercially available members of the class (3-5). The mechanistic basis of resistance to -lactam antibiotics in MRSA is complex for which the antibiotic sensor/signal transducer protein BlaR1 is a key player (4). The surface domain of BlaR1 detects the presence of the -lactam antibiotic in the milieu. Once the antibiotic complex with the sensor domain forms, it initiates transduction of the information on antibiotic recognition to the cytoplasmic domain, which is a zincdependent protease (Fig. 1A) (6). The protease domain degrades the gene repressor BlaI to derepress expression of the antibiotic resistance genes for -lactams, including that for BlaR1 itself, for manifestation of the MRSA antibiotic resistance phenotype (6, 7).The recognition at the surface domain is not merely a complex formation between the antibiotic and the sensor domain, but rather involves covalent chemistry. Antibiotic acylates Ser-389, resulting in an acyl-protein complex. Furthermore, we had detected by spectroscopy that the sensor domain experiences the uncommon posttranslational modification of N-carboxylation at the side chain of Lys-392, a residue within the antibioticbinding site (8,9). This is the product of reaction of carbon dioxide with the side-chain amine of the lysine (Fig. 1B). Conspicuously, the N-carboxylated lysine has not been seen in the x-ray structures for the sensor domain (10 -12).We document herein for the first time by x-ray crystallography that the apo form of ...