Discriminability and preference for attributes in free and constrained classification.

Imai, Shiro; Garner, W. R.

doi:10.1037/h0021980

Cited by 98 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…2, or 3 bits of such irrelevant information. Similar results have been obtained by Fitts and Biederman (1965), Imai and Garner (1965), and Morin et al (1961).…”

Section: Nature Of Irrelevant Informanonsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…However, Egeth and Bevan (1972) and Well (1971) have recently argued that the CR hypothesis is not unambiguously applicable to the results obtained by Hodge and Montague, They claim that Hodge and Montague confounded irrelevant information with task complexity. Furthermore, there also seems to be evidence that irrelevant information can degrade performance in the absence of competing responses (Morgan & Alluisi, 1967;Well, 1971), a result in sharp contrast with those obtained by Archer (1954), Fitts and Biederman (1965), Imai and Garner (1965), and Morin et al (1961).…”

mentioning

confidence: 51%

“…Some of these studies (e .g., Egeth, 1966;Hodge, 1959;Hodge & Reid, 1971;Montague, 1965;Morgan & Alluisi, 1967;Well, 1971) have found that irrelevant information degrades performance, while others (e.g., Archer, 1954;Fitts & Biederman, 1965;Imai & Garner, 1965;Morin, Forrin, & Archer, 1961) have not. To account for the detrimental effects of irrelevant information, Hodge (1959) suggested that the occurrence of competing responses was a likely explanation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Competing responses and the processing of irrelevant information

Hodge

1973

Memory & Cognition

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A number of studies have shown that performance of identification and discrimination tasks is detrimentally affected by irrelevant information, yet other studies have failed to find such decrements. It is suggested that these contradictory findings depend on whether S must make difficult discriminations among the relevant stimuli, the irrelevant stimuli, or between the relevant and irrelevant stimuli. The role of irrelevant information in these tasks is to enhance or amplify the competing responses engendered by the difficult discriminations. Irrelevant information enhances competing responses by increasing the information processing requirements of a task. The results of various studies of irrelevant information seem to be in good agreement with the assertions.

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“…2, or 3 bits of such irrelevant information. Similar results have been obtained by Fitts and Biederman (1965), Imai and Garner (1965), and Morin et al (1961).…”

Section: Nature Of Irrelevant Informanonsupporting

confidence: 79%

mentioning

confidence: 51%

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confidence: 99%

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Competing responses and the processing of irrelevant information

Hodge

1973

Memory & Cognition

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“…The present set of experiments was designed to further explore the role of residential history (specifically, geographic mobility and region of origin) on dialect perception using an unconstrained free classification task (Imai & Garner, 1965). The free classification task allowed us to examine naïve listeners' perceptual dialect categories and the perceptual similarity of talkers with respect to regional dialect without providing a fixed number of categories or labels.…”

Section: Linguistic Experience and The Perception Of Dialect Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to reduce the constraints imposed by the verbal labels given to the listeners in a closed-set forced-choice task, the present study explored the perceptual structure of regional varieties of American English using an auditory free classification procedure (Imai, 1966;Imai & Garner, 1965). The use of a free classification task allowed the participants to create groups based on their own perceptual categories, without imposing an a priori geographic structure on their response categories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free classification of regional dialects of American English

Clopper

Pisoni

2007

Journal of Phonetics

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Recent studies have found that naïve listeners perform poorly in forced-choice dialect categorization tasks. However, the listeners' error patterns in these tasks reveal systematic confusions between phonologically similar dialects. In the present study, a free classification procedure was used to measure the perceptual similarity structure of regional dialect variation in the United States. In two experiments, participants listened to a set of short English sentences produced by male talkers only (Experiment 1) and by male and female talkers (Experiment 2). The listeners were instructed to group the talkers by regional dialect into as many groups as they wanted with as many talkers in each group as they wished. Multidimensional scaling analyses of the data revealed three primary dimensions of perceptual similarity (linguistic markedness, geography, and gender). In addition, a comparison of the results obtained from the free classification task to previous results using the same stimulus materials in six-alternative forcedchoice categorization tasks revealed that response biases in the six-alternative task were reduced or eliminated in the free classification task. Thus, the results obtained with the free classification task in the current study provided further evidence that the underlying structure of perceptual dialect category representations reflects important linguistic and sociolinguistic factors.

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The Categorization Experiment: Experimental Design and Data Analysis

Ashby

Valentin

2018

Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience

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The long history of categorization experiments indicates that many important design choices can critically affect the quality of the resulting data. Unfortunately, the optimal choices depend on the goals of the experiment, so there is no single template that a new researcher can follow. This chapter describes methods needed to design effective categorization experiments, and specialized methods for analyzing the resulting data. First, a number of important experimental design choices are discussed, including: (a) whether a categorization or identification experiment is more appropriate, (b) what type of category structure should be used, (c) how to choose the stimuli, (d) how to construct the categories so they have optimal statistical properties, (e) how to present feedback following each response, and (f) design choices that make it easy to assess participant performance. Second, several specialized methods for analyzing categorization data are described, including forward and backward learning curves, and a statistical procedure for strategy analysis that can identify participants who were guessing, using a single‐cue explicit rule, or using some multi‐cue similarity‐based strategy.

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Discriminability and preference for attributes in free and constrained classification.

Cited by 98 publications

References 9 publications

Competing responses and the processing of irrelevant information

Competing responses and the processing of irrelevant information

Free classification of regional dialects of American English

The Categorization Experiment: Experimental Design and Data Analysis

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