Discrimination and quantification of cocaine and adulterants in seized drug samples by infrared spectroscopy and PLSR

Grobério, Tatiane S.; Zacca, Jorge Jardim; Botelho, Élvio D.; Talhavini, Márcio; Braga, Jez Willian Batista

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.012

Cited by 53 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Some unidentied peaks were observed in the chromatogram that could be related to cocaine decomposition products, diluents and other compounds. 3 Meanwhile, the adulterant content measured in this study corroborates the Grobério et al 9 adulterant prole for other Brazilian states, where phenacetin and levamisole were the most common adulterants detected in cocaine samples. 4 depicts the proles of the seized cocaine samples.…”

Section: Seized Cocaine Analysissupporting

confidence: 88%

“…2 As a result of PeQui, the proles of cocaine in eight Brazilian states between 2009 and 2012 were evaluated by Botelho et al 3 In these eight states, the majority of seized cocaine had a purity above 70%. Another method for the quantication of cocaine and its adulterants was developed by Grobério et al 8,9 Through infrared spectroscopy associated with chemometrics, the authors quantied cocaine and six adulterants in addition to determining the degree of oxidation and drug form. The adulteration pattern changed according to region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of cocaine and its main adulterants in seized drugs from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by a Doehlert optimized LC-DAD method

et al. 2016

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The main reason for the increasing cocaine consumption in South America is the high consumption of drugs in Brazil, which is the largest market on the continent. In light of this, the Brazilian Federal Police (BFP) started implementing its own drug chemical profiling program, the PeQui project, aiming to provide useful technical-scientific information about the drug scenario in the country. In this article, a liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (LC-DAD) method was developed through Doehlert optimization for the analysis of cocaine seized in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by the Brazilian Federal Police. In addition to cocaine, the main cocaine adulterants (diltiazem, benzocaine, levamisole, caffeine, phenacetin, lidocaine and dipyrone) were also evaluated. Through Doehlert optimization relating to the resolution and total area, a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile : water (isocratic mode) with phosphate buffer (pH 8.3) was chosen. Fifty eight cocaine samples seized in 2013-2015 were analyzed. The average cocaine content was 45% of the drug weight and the only adulterants detected were levamisole, phenacetin and caffeine. Levamisole was detected only in salt cocaine samples and low concentrations (below 0.1 mg g À1 ), whereas phenacetin was detected in base form cocaine in higher concentrations. Caffeine was the only adulterant detected in both the salt and base forms, and was also at low concentrations. These results showed that the drugs seized in this Brazilian state had, on average, a lower cocaine content in relation to the rest of the country.

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Section: Seized Cocaine Analysissupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of cocaine and its main adulterants in seized drugs from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by a Doehlert optimized LC-DAD method

et al. 2016

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“…Cocaine, as mentioned before, is commonly adulterated with phenacetin, levamisole, lidocaine, caffeine, diltiazem, hydroxyzine, and sugars (). The compounds able to be detected by the present method (all of them, except sugars) were found in these set of samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cutting agents can constantly change over time, increasing the user health risks caused by the compound interactions and intrinsic toxicity. Historically, many substances have been used to cut cocaine and heroin materials, including lidocaine, caffeine, phenacetin, diltiazem, hydroxyzine, levamisole ((6S)‐ 6‐phenyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydroimidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole;hydrochloride), benzocaine, acetaminophen, procaine, aminopyrine, prilocaine, bicarbonate, starch, and sugars .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Cutting Agents in Drug‐Positive Seized Exhibits within the United States

Fiorentin

Krotulski

Martín

et al. 2018

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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The following report summarizes a study performed on seized drug exhibits collected in two U.S. states to evaluate the presence and identification of cutting agents. Aliquots of seized drug materials from Kentucky (n = 200) and Vermont (n = 315) were prepared using a dilute‐and‐shoot procedure. Initial analysis was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) followed by analysis using liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF). Active compounds detected overall included caffeine (31.0%), quinine/quinidine (24.7%), levamisole (11.6%), acetaminophen, (8.2%) and procaine (8.2%). These compounds were found with several drugs of abuse, such as heroin, fentanyl, methamphetamine, and cocaine. This novel information about cutting agents used to dilute or alter drugs of abuse is important to criminal investigations and in the management of acute intoxications at health centers. However, common methodologies for analysis and standard reporting practices frequently do not include cutting agents, resulting in lacking or inadequate information regarding prevalence of these substances.

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“…Several analytical methods have been described for the quantitative determination of cocaine and adulterants including mass spectrometry , separation techniques , spectrophotometry , infrared spectroscopy , and Raman spectroscopy . These methods were often tedious, time‐consuming and dedicated to sophisticated and expensive analytical instruments.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide for Forensic Electrochemistry: Detection of Cocaine and its Adulterants Paracetamol, Caffeine and Levamisole

et al. 2017

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This communication shows the improved performance of electrochemically‐reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) modified electrodes for the square‐wave voltammetric detection of cocaine (COC) and its main adulterants paracetamol (PAR), caffeine (CAF) and levamisole (LEV). The four compounds can be identified in a single voltammetric scan on the ERGO‐modified electrode with adequate resolution of peaks and increase in current (at least 2‐fold) in comparison with the unmodified electrode. Moreover, electrode fouling typically verified during the oxidation of CAF and LEV is eliminated. CAF and PAR were determined in a real COC sample and satisfactory recovery values were obtained (103 and 85 %, respectively).

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Discrimination and quantification of cocaine and adulterants in seized drug samples by infrared spectroscopy and PLSR

Cited by 53 publications

References 21 publications

Determination of cocaine and its main adulterants in seized drugs from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by a Doehlert optimized LC-DAD method

Determination of cocaine and its main adulterants in seized drugs from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by a Doehlert optimized LC-DAD method

Detection of Cutting Agents in Drug‐Positive Seized Exhibits within the United States

Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide for Forensic Electrochemistry: Detection of Cocaine and its Adulterants Paracetamol, Caffeine and Levamisole

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