Discrimination Behavior and Conditioned Suppression (CER) following Localized Lesions in the Amygdala and Putamen

Thompson, Joseph B.; Schwartzbaum, J. S.

doi:10.2466/pr0.1964.15.2.587

Cited by 13 publications

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“…Although both circuits are plausible, the amygdala seems to play a key role because blockade of NMDA receptors in the amygdala prevents extinction (Falls et al, 1992). Also, whereas lesions of Ce prevent the acquisition of both conditioned suppression (Thompson and Schwartzbaum, 1964;Killcross et al, 1997) and conditioned freezing, recent data suggest that lesions of PAG block freezing but leave conditioned suppression intact (Amorapanth et al, 1999). We observed effects of vmPFC lesions on both behaviors, consistent with vmPFC modulation of a structure upstream from PAG, such as Ce.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in the Recovery of Extinguished Fear

et al. 2000

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Conditioned fear responses to a tone paired with footshock extinguish when the tone is presented repeatedly in the absence of shock. Rather than erase the tone-shock association, extinction is thought to involve new learning accompanied by inhibition of conditioned responding. Despite much interest in extinction from a clinical perspective, little is known about the neural circuits that are involved. Although the prefrontal cortex has a well established role in the inhibition of inappropriate behaviors, previous reports have disagreed as to the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in extinction. We have reexamined the effects of electrolytic vmPFC lesions made before training on the acquisition, extinction, and recovery of conditioned fear responses in a 2 d experiment. On Day 1 vmPFC lesions had no effect on acquisition or extinction of conditioned freezing and suppression of bar pressing. On Day 2 sham rats recovered only 27% of their acquired freezing, whereas vmPFC-lesioned rats recovered 86%, which was indistinguishable from a control group that never received extinction. The high recovery in lesioned rats could not be attributed to decreased motivation or altered sensitivity to footshock. vmPFC lesions that spared the caudal infralimbic (IL) nucleus had no effect. Thus, the vmPFC (particularly the IL nucleus) is not necessary for expression of extinction, but it is necessary for the recall of extinction learning after a long delay. These data suggest a role of the vmPFC in consolidation of extinction learning or the recall of contexts in which extinction took place.Key words: extinction; infralimbic; prelimbic; fear conditioning; amygdala; inhibition Prefrontal cortex has long been implicated in inhibition of inappropriate responses. Lesions of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) cause perseverative responding in animals and humans and cause deficits in reversal tasks (for review, see Kolb, 1984;Fuster, 1997). Perseverative responding in prefrontal animals was extended to conditioned fear when it was shown that rats with mPFC lesions could acquire freezing responses to a tone paired with a footshock, but they required many more days to extinguish those responses when the tone was presented alone (Morgan et al., 1993). More recent data support the hypothesis that mPFC is involved in the inhibition of fear responses (Bremner et al., 1999;Herry et al., 1999;Morrow et al., 1999), and it has been suggested that deficits in extinction of conditioned fear may cause certain anxiety disorders (Charney and Deutch, 1996;Pitman, 1997).Many questions remain, however, concerning the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in extinction of fear. Following the original report by Morgan et al. (1993), Gewirtz et al. (1997 found no effect of vmPFC lesions on extinction of conditioned fear responses. To explain this discrepancy, Gewirtz et al. (1997) suggested that the prolonged extinction might have been attributable to increased acquisition in the lesioned animals, which was masked by asymptotic freezi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in the Recovery of Extinguished Fear

et al. 2000

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“…In further support of the response competition hypothesis are the findings that similar neurobiological manipulations affect both responses. Specifically, lesions of the LA and CE have been shown to block both the suppression observed in the CER paradigm and freezing ( Thompson and Schwartzbaum 1964;LeDoux et al 1990a;Killcross et al 1997 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesions of Periaqueductal Gray Dissociate-Conditioned Freezing From Conditioned Suppression Behavior in Rats

Amorapanth

Nader

LeDoux³

1999

Learn. Mem.

102

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It is commonly assumed that suppression of an ongoing behavior is an indirect measure of freezing behavior. We tested whether conditioned suppression and freezing are the same or distinct conditioned responses. Rats were trained to press a bar for food and then given fear-conditioning sessions in which a tone was paired with a foot shock (two pairings a day for 2 days). They then received either sham or electrolytic lesions of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Post-training PAG lesions blocked freezing to the conditioned stimulus (CS), but had no effect on the suppression of operant behavior to the same CS. Thus, conditioned suppression and freezing, which both cause a cessation in activity, appear to be mediated by separate processes.

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“…It may well be that amygdaloid Ss would have experienced equivalent difficulty with hunger-guided responses at a different deprivation level. Indeed, passive avoidance deficits have been demonstrated in amygdaloid Ss under both food-(e.g., Thompson & Schwartzbaum, 1964) and water-deprivation conditions (e.g., McGowan et al, 1972) . Also, earlier research (Kemble & Beckman, 1970b) dem onstrated an amygdaloid deficit in a food-rewarded position discrimination in this apparatus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors suggest that this deficit may arise from a difficulty in utilizing proprioceptive information to guide operant responses in the uncued condition. The well-documented passive avoidance deficits following amygdaloid damage (e.g., Pellegrino, 1968 ;Ursin, 1965;, Thompson & Schwartzbaum, 1964) as well as the failure of such animals to adjust running speeds normally to altered magnitude of reward (Kemble & Beckman, 1970a) or to alter open-field activity in response to food deprivation (Kemble, unpublished) may . also be interpreted in a similar way.…”

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confidence: 99%

Drive discrimination in rats following amygdaloid lesions

Kemble

1974

Psychobiology

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Amygdaloid and control Ss were compared on their ability to utilize hunger-and thirst-related cues to guide positional responses in a Tvmaze. Amygdaloid Ss performed quite accurately when responding to hunger-related cues, but were deficient when responding to thirst-related cues. This difficulty was mirrored by increased amygdaloid VTE behavior on water-deprivation, but not food-deprivation, trials. It is suggested that the amygdaloid lesions either reduced the effectiveness of the water reward or reduced 8's ability to employ thirst-related stimuli to guide positional responses.Recently, McGowan, Hankins, and Garcia (1972) have suggested that portions of the limbic system, including the amygdala, are importantly involved in the association of internal with external cues. The primary data suggesting such an interpretation is the difficulty experienced by amygdala-damaged animals in associating a novel taste cue (e.g., saccharin) with LiCL or Xdrradiation-Induced illness (McGowan et al, 1972;Kemble & Nagel, 1973;Rolls & Rolls, 1973). Other data, however, are also amenable to such an interpretation. Pellegrino and Clapp (1971), for example, found that basolateral amygdaloid lesions disrupt uncued, but not cued, DRL performance. The authors suggest that this deficit may arise from a difficulty in utilizing proprioceptive information to guide operant responses in the uncued condition. The well-documented passive avoidance deficits following amygdaloid damage (e.g., Pellegrino, 1968 ;Ursin, 1965;, Thompson & Schwartzbaum, 1964) as well as the failure of such animals to adjust running speeds normally to altered magnitude of reward (Kemble & Beckman, 1970a) or to alter open-field activity in response to food deprivation (Kemble, unpublished) may . also be interpreted in a similar way. It should be noted, however, that few of the above studies were designed to test the efficiency of such cue utilization. Ittherefore seemed of interest to explore further the effects of amygdaloid lesions on an animal's ability to utilize internal cues in guiding its behavior. In the present experiment, amygdala-damaged and control Ss were compared in their ability to use cues accompanying hunger and thirst to guide a positional response to an appropriate goal object. METHOD Subjects and Surgical ProcedureThe Ss were 15 male albino rats (Holtzman Co.), weighing 288-325 g at the time of surgery. These animals had previously served in an investigation of home-eage food and water At the conclusion of testing, experimental Ss were intracardially perfused with isotonic saline followed by 10% Formalin solution while deeply anesthetized. The brains were then removed, frozen, sectioned at 24 microns (coronal plane) , and stained with cresyl violet for histological examination. ApparatusTesting was conducted in an enclosed single-unit T-maze constructed of v..·in. plywood, painted flat black throughout, and covered with clear Plexiglas. The startbox was 8 x 5v.. in., the stem 47 x 3% in., and each arm 8~x 4 in. Each goalbox was 12v.. x 5v.. in., ...

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Discrimination Behavior and Conditioned Suppression (CER) following Localized Lesions in the Amygdala and Putamen

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in the Recovery of Extinguished Fear

The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in the Recovery of Extinguished Fear

Lesions of Periaqueductal Gray Dissociate-Conditioned Freezing From Conditioned Suppression Behavior in Rats

Drive discrimination in rats following amygdaloid lesions

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