Discrimination of Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Geographical Origin by Targeted and Non-Targeted Metabolite Profiling with Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

As international food trade increases, consumers are becoming increasingly interested in food safety and authenticity, which are linked to geographical origin. Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) are cultivated worldwide, but there are no tools for accurately discriminating their geographical origin. Thus, our study aims to develop a method for discriminating the geographical origin of adzuki beans through targeted and non-targeted metabolite profiling with gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed clear discrimination between adzuki beans cultivated in Korea and China. Non-targeted metabolite profiling showed better separation than targeted profiling. Furthermore, citric acid and malic acid were the most notable metabolites for discriminating adzuki beans cultivated in Korea and China. The geographical discrimination method combining non-targeted metabolite profiling and pareto-scaling showed excellent predictability (Q 2 = 0.812). Therefore, it is a suitable prediction tool for the discrimination of geographical origin and is expected to be applicable to the geographical authentication of adzuki beans.

Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Using FTIR and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS of Two Curculigo Species and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities

“…PCA techniques make it possible to extract analytical information from chromatograms or spectra of samples to identify similarities and differences among highly complex datasets. PLS is one of the most popular calibration methods, which is based on determining the linear relationship between the independent dataset of measurement X (such as peak, absorbance values, fingerprint, spectra, or peak area from the detected metabolites) and the dependent set of variable Y (biological activity) in order to predict the bioactive compounds [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. For the first time, we have performed metabolomics analysis using FTIR and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS to identify major functional groups and metabolites in the two Curculigo spp.…”

Metabolomics Analysis of Morchella sp. From Different Geographical Origins of China Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

“…The Excel file was obtained with three-dimension data sets including m/z, peak RT, peak intensities, and RT-m/z pairs were used as the identifier for each ion. The resulting matrix was further reduced by removing any peaks with a missing value (ion intensity = 0) in more than 60% of samples ( 16 , 17 ). Finally, all potential metabolites that met these criteria were identified by using the accurate mass, MS/MS fragments spectra and isotope ratio difference in Human metabolome database (HMDB; http://www.hmdb.ca/ ) and Metlin database ( https://metlin.scripps.edu/ ).…”

Applications of Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics in Postharvest Research

“…GC-TOF/MS and OPLS-DA was utilized to investigate metabolite profile in adzuki beans from Korea and China. Malic acid and citric acid were important markers to distinguish adzuki bean production areas [10]. In black pepper, using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) using orbitrap mass analyzer followed by PLS-DA analysis, reynosin, artabsinolide D, tatridin B were found to be a strong marker to distinguish black pepper from Brazil, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka.…”

“…Understanding postharvest physiological changes leads to improved postharvest technology such as maintaining and assuring the quality of agricultural products [8,9]. Additionally, discrimination of species, cultivar, and geographic origin verified via metabolic biomarkers will detect counterfeit products and certify quality [10,11]. In recent years, several researchers have tried to apply the metabolomics approach to clarify the mechanism of ripening, senescence, and disorders [12,13].…”