Discussion Paper: Innate, Discriminative Human Facial Expressions to Taste and Smell Stimulation

Steiner, Jacob E.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb49858.x

Cited by 148 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Certainly there are grounds for suggesting that mapping pleasantness might provide part of the answer to the underlying explanation for the existence of shape symbolism in the food/beverage sector. Note that angularity, bitterness, and carbonation are all initially disliked as stimuli [55,56]. The common meanings associated with different kinds of sensory stimuli [57][58][59][60] may therefore provide a possible explanation for at least certain of the shape symbolism effects that have been documented in the food and beverage sector to date.…”

Section: Using Shape Symbolism To Set Consumer Expectations In the Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the shape symbolism of the taste, flavour, and texture of foods and beverages

Spence

Ngo

2012

Flavour

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Consumers reliably match a variety of tastes (bitterness, sweetness, and sourness), oral-somatosensory attributes (carbonation, oral texture, and mouth-feel), and flavours to abstract shapes varying in their angularity. For example, they typically match more rounded forms such as circles with sweet tastes and more angular shapes such as triangles and stars with bitter and/or carbonated foods and beverages. Here, we suggest that such shape symbolic associations could be, and in some cases already are being, incorporated into the labelling and/or packaging of food and beverage products in order to subconsciously set up specific sensory expectations in the minds of consumers. Given that consumers normally prefer those food and beverage products that meet their sensory expectations, as compared to those that give rise to a 'disconfirmation of expectation', we believe that the targeted use of such shape symbolism may provide a means for companies to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Here, we review the latest research documenting a variety of examples of shape symbolism in the food and beverage sector. We also highlight a number of the explanations for such effects that have been put forward over the years. Finally, we summarise the latest evidence demonstrating that the shapes a consumer sees on the label and even the shape of the packaging in which the product is served can all impact on a consumer's sensory-discriminative and hedonic responses to food and beverage products.

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Section: Using Shape Symbolism To Set Consumer Expectations In the Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the shape symbolism of the taste, flavour, and texture of foods and beverages

Spence

Ngo

2012

Flavour

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“…In animal studies, hedonic impact of pleasurable stimuli has been successfully studied by measuring affective orofacial expressions elicited by the hedonic impact of sweet tastes. Studies applying taste-reactivity paradigms have convincingly shown that sweet tastes elicit rhythmic licking of lips (i.e., facial "liking" reactions) and bitter tastes elicit gapes (i.e., facial "disliking" reactions) in rodents and human infants (Steiner, 1973(Steiner, , 1974Pfaffmann et al, 1977;Grill and Norgren, 1978a,b;Steiner et al, 2001). However, these affective orofacial measures are not easily translated to (adult) human studies, because we learn to control and mimic orofacial reactions to food as we grow up.…”

Section: Impaired Ability To Experience Pleasurementioning

confidence: 99%

Reward Processing in Motivational and Affective Disorders

Ryan¹,

Skandali²

2016

Frontiers Research Topics

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“…We have recently completed a study ofolfactory function among solvent-exposed microelectronics workers and found a significantly increased prevalence of olfactory dysfunction and significantly higher olfactory thresholds compared with unexposed referents matched on age, sex, race, and cigarette smoking (46). Amoore (49) and classical conditioning hae been cited as potential mechanisms of inducing these nonspecific effects (50).…”

Section: Measurement Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%