Disease Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease Due to Hypertension From 1990 to 2019: A Global Analysis

Abstract

Background: Although it is widely known that hypertension is an important cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), little detailed quantitative research exists on the burden of CKD due to hypertension.Objective: The objective of the study is to estimate the global disease burden of CKD due to hypertension and to evaluate the association between the socioeconomic factors and country-level disease burden of CKD due to hypertension.Methods: We extracted the disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) numbers, rates, and age-standardized rates of CKD due to hypertension from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database to investigate the time trends of the burden of CKD due to hypertension from 1990 to 2019. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlations between the age-standardized DALY rate and socioeconomic factors and other related factors obtained from open databases.Results: Globally, from 1990 to 2019, DALY numbers caused by CKD due to hypertension increased by 125.2% [95% confidential interval (CI), 124.6 to 125.7%]. The DALY rate increased by 55.7% (55.3 to 56.0%) to 128.8 (110.9 to 149.2) per 100,000 population, while the age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 population increased by 10.9% (10.3 to 11.5%). In general, males and elderly people tended to have a higher disease burden. The distribution disparity in the burden of CKD due to hypertension varies greatly among countries. In the stepwise multiple linear regression model, inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) [β = −161.1 (95% CI −238.1 to −84.2), P < 0.001] and number of physicians per 10,000 people [β = −2.91 (95% CI −4.02 to −1.80), P < 0.001] were significantly negatively correlated with age-standardized DALY rate when adjusted for IHDI, health access and quality (HAQ), number of physicians per 10,000 people, and population with at least some secondary education.Conclusion: Improving the average achievements and equality of distribution in health, education, and income, as well as increasing the number of physicians per 10,000 people could help to reduce the burden of CKD due to hypertension. These findings may provide relevant information toward efforts to optimize health policies aimed at reducing the burden of CKD due to hypertension.

High Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease Among People Living with Hypertension in Rural Sierra Leone: A Cross-Sectional Study

“… 5 , 6 The higher burden of CKD in low- and middle-income countries is mainly as a result of high CKD prevalence accompanied by low CKD awareness, epidemiological transition with a rising burden of NCDs, and lack of policies and organized health systems aimed at addressing CKD burden. 7 , 8 …”

“…In these settings, CKD screening is not routinely offered to patients with hypertension due to unavailability of screening tests, lack of organized systems for management of hypertension and other NCDs and limited funding for NCD care. 7 Additionally, lack of skilled staff to provide care, high cost of managing CKD, lack of infrastructure and absence of CKD in NCD policies and strategies contribute to challenges in managing CKD. 8 , 15 Dialysis and renal replacement therapy is frequently not available, hence patients with ESRD commonly have no access to these treatment modalities.…”

Gender and socioeconomic disparities in global burden of chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis: A global analysis

“…Regions with lower incomes tended to have a higher burden of CKD due to hypertension. 34 From 1990 to 2019, the increasing burden of CKD due to diabetes varied among regions and countries. From the age of 50, the burden of CKD due to diabetes was higher in men than in women.…”

“…The age‐standardized DALY rate of CKD due to hypertension was high in the African region and Eastern Mediterranean region and the lowest and most stable in the European region between 1990 and 2019. Regions with lower incomes tended to have a higher burden of CKD due to hypertension 34 . From 1990 to 2019, the increasing burden of CKD due to diabetes varied among regions and countries.…”

A New Carbohydrate Food Quality Scoring System to Reflect Dietary Guidelines: An Expert Panel Report

“…Although the DGA emphasizes the adequate intake of multiple micronutrients of concern related to CF intake (i.e., potassium for underconsumption and sodium for overconsumption) [ 5 ], carbohydrate quality metrics rarely consider the role of these micronutrients in CF quality. Given that imbalances in the intake of these two micronutrients account for a significant portion of the US and global disease burden [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], they should both be included as integral components of CF quality metrics that are aimed at improving the overall quality of dietary patterns. At this time, sodium and potassium threshold values are calculated per dry weight and are approximately equal to the median values for the sampled foods in the database.…”