Disinfectants, Disinfection, and Biosecurity in Aquaculture

Danner, G. Russell; Merrill, Peter

doi:10.1002/9780470376850.ch8

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Parameter 1 -Available biosecurity measures Use of separate brushes, nets and buckets for each raceway in which fish are reared as well as regular cleaning and disinfection of the material along with footbath and mats for visitors and staff at the entrance of facilities to reduce the risk of cross-contamination (Russell Danner and Merrill, 2005).…”

Section: Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) 2016/429): Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)

Nielsen,

Alvarez,

Calistri

et al. 2023

EFS2

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Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) was assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular the criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as laid out in Article 9 and Article 8 for listing animal species related to BKD. The assessment was performed following the ad hoc method on data collection and assessment developed by AHAW Panel and already published. The outcome reported is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with an uncertain outcome. According to this assessment, BKD can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (66-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that BKD does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 3 (Categories A, B and C; 1-5%, 33-66% and 33-66% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) but meets the criteria in Sections 4 and 5 (Categories D and E; 66-90% and 66-90% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for BKD according to Article 8 criteria are provided.

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Section: Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) 2016/429): Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)

Nielsen,

Alvarez,

Calistri

et al. 2023

EFS2

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“…Biosecurity measures involve disease monitoring, border controls, as well as national and international controls, stock and equipment movement controls, disinfection, husbandry disciplines and good record keeping. A particular requirement, often recognised solely in the breach, is disinfection of transportation equipment both before and after transportation of fish (Danner and Merrill, 2006). Although these are increasingly being applied and by preventing disease outbreaks have significant welfare significance, currently, they are hindered in many areas, by a lack of understanding of the principles or awareness, lack of enforcement, and a failure to understand the risk basis upon which they are applied.…”

Section: Biosecuritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed Atlantic salmon ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare

2008

EFS2

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Council Directive 98/58/EC concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes lays down minimum standards for the protection of animals bred or kept for farming purposes, including fish. Following a request from the European Commission, the AHAW Panel was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed Atlantic salmon.. The Scientific Opinion was adopted on 19 th June 2008. From the data presented in the scientific report factors affecting farmed Atlantic salmon welfare were identified which led to conclusions in the Scientific Opinion. These factors are grouped as: environmental conditions (abiotic and biotic factors), feed and feeding, husbandry, genetics and the impact of disease and disease control measures. A risk assessment was carried out to obtain a ranking of risk and compare the production systems. The discussion of the risk assessment is presented in the opinion. Atlantic salmon behaviour such as feeding, swimming and social behaviour are relevant when considering the welfare impact of farming systems. Genetic selection of salmon should take into account possible consequences for their welfare of any changes. The main factors affecting Atlantic salmon welfare were considered to be those discussed below. Water quality is essential for good welfare in fish and several damaging effects of poor water quality on fish health were recognised. Water quality effects relate not only to the absolute levels but also to the rate of its change and interactions with other factors. Tolerance levels were indicated when available. For instance it was recommended that oxygen saturation should be maintained above 70% to maintain full appetite and growth but subsequent research on the impact on fish welfare may show that higher levels are required. Carbon dioxide concentration (CO 2) can be an important factor especially in systems where oxygen supplementation is used. Optimal photoperiod and light intensity are also key factors and different positive and negative effects according to the life stage were identified. Stocking density was considered a major factor affecting salmon welfare. Its effects interact with those of many other factors and make it difficult to establish a maximum and minimum values or optimum stocking densities that would safeguard welfare. The monitoring of the conditions of the fish, such as fin damage, other injuries, growth rate, and behaviours expressed and overall health, was recommended to set appropriate levels of stocking density. Atlantic salmon diet contains a high proportion of marine fish meal and oil, to meet size and life cycle specific requirements for macro-and micronutrients but the increased demand for marine feed components has placed a focus on alternative resources. Introduction of novel non-marine feed components can lead to specific problems although there is evidence for their potential to partly replace high quality fish meal in diets. Grading (sorting by body size) is an important part of husbandry. Grading syst...

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“…Today, a disinfectant, also synonymously and generically referred to as a germicide, is defined as “an agent that destroys infection-producing organisms” [ 1 ]. A single product is unlikely to satisfy all disinfection requirements in a given facility, and the realistic use of disinfectants will rely on multiple factors, including the degree of microbial killing required, the nature and composition of the surface, item or device to be treated, the cost, safety, and ease of use of the available agents [ 2 ]. However, it should be pointed out that a considerable reduction of infectivity may be achieved by simple cleaning, which represents one of the most important steps in the entire process, whose goal is the removal of more than 90% of microorganisms and when it is properly performed, it greatly improves the disinfection efficacy [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosecurity and Hygiene Procedures in Pig Farms: Effects of a Tailor-Made Approach as Monitored by Environmental Samples

Scollo

Perrucci

Stella

et al. 2023

Animals

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In livestock, the importance of hygiene management is gaining importance within the context of biosecurity. The aim of this study was to monitor the implementation of biosecurity and hygiene procedures in 20 swine herds over a 12-month period, as driven by tailor-made plans, including training on-farm. The measure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) environmental contents was used as an output biomarker. The presence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) was also investigated as sentinels of antibiotic resistance. A significant biosecurity improvement (p = 0.006) and a reduction in the ATP content in the sanitised environment (p = 0.039) were observed. A cluster including 6/20 farms greatly improved both biosecurity and ATP contents, while the remaining 14/20 farms ameliorated them only slightly. Even if the ESBL-E. coli prevalence (30.0%) after the hygiene procedures significantly decreased, the prevalence of LA-MRSA (22.5%) was unaffected. Despite the promising results supporting the adoption of tailor-made biosecurity plans and the measure of environmental ATP as an output biomarker, the high LA-MRSA prevalence still detected at the end of the study underlines the importance of improving even more biosecurity and farm hygiene in a one-health approach aimed to preserve also the pig workers health.

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Disinfectants, Disinfection, and Biosecurity in Aquaculture

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) 2016/429): Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) 2016/429): Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)

Animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed Atlantic salmon ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare

Biosecurity and Hygiene Procedures in Pig Farms: Effects of a Tailor-Made Approach as Monitored by Environmental Samples

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