Disinfection by-products and ecotoxic risk associated with hypochlorite treatment of irbesartan

Romanucci, Valeria; Siciliano, Antonietta; Guida, Marco; Libralato, Giovanni; Saviano, Lorenzo; Luongo, Giovanni; Previtera, Lucio; Fabio, Giovanni Di; Zarrelli, Armando

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135625

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Under the conditions used, in accordance with the data reported in the literature [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ], it is possible to hypothesize that CAN undergoes a first oxidation at carbon C18 to obtain the intermediate I1 . The latter could undergo the hydrolysis of the C18-N19 bond and release the product DP3 and the intermediate I2 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles

et al. 2021

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In recent years, many studies have reported the frequent detection of antihypertensive agents such as sartans (olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan) in the influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the degradation pathway for candesartan (CAN) was investigated by simulating the chlorination process that is normally used to reduce microbial contamination in a WWTP. Twelve isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), four of which were isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column by employing a gradient HPLC method, and their structures were identified by combining nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and comparing the results with commercial standards. On the basis of these results, a mechanism of formation starting from the parent drug is proposed. The ecotoxicity of CAN and its DPs was studied by conducting a battery of ecotoxicity tests; bioassays were performed using Aliivibrio fischeri (bacterium), Daphnia magna (planktonic crustacean) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (alga). The ecotoxicity results shed new light on the increased toxicity of DPs compared with the parent compound.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles

et al. 2021

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“…Although the treatment processes used in the plants shows high AMO removals [26][27][28], even if the percentage of removal depends on the duration of the treatment [29], at the same time, they have the disadvantage of increasing effluent toxicity and producing its transformation compounds, which may be more toxic than the product from which they derive [30]. As a consequence, WWTP effluents and the practice of reusing sewage sludge in agriculture to recover nitrogen compounds useful for soil fertilization can contribute to its introduction into water bodies and its diffusion in the terrestrial environment of the degradation byproducts (DPs) of the drug [31][32][33][34]. Humans can be exposed to DPs through the consumption of aquatic organisms, agricultural products, or drinking water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amoxicillin in Water: Insights into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions during Chlorination

et al. 2021

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In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of amoxicillin in waters destined for wastewater treatment plants, in addition to superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the amoxicillin degradation pathway was investigated by simulating the chlorination process normally used in a wastewater treatment plant to reduce similar emerging pollutants at three different pH values. The structures of 16 isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), one of which was isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column via a gradient HPLC method. Combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, we then compared commercial standards and justified a proposed formation mechanism beginning from the parent drug. Microbial growth inhibition bioassays with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were performed to determine the potential loss of antibacterial activity in isolated degradation byproducts. An increase of antibacterial activity in the DPs was observed compared to the parent compound.

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“…Not all wastewater has the same nature and characteristics; therefore, to identify the most suitable depurative treatment system, it is essential to know both the origin of the polluted water and its final destination. Wastewater from human metabolism, and therefore domestic and/or civil waste, has a clear prevalence of organic pollutants, natural but also synthesized as drugs or biologically active substances [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, chlorine and chlorine derivatives dominate the wastewater treatment market, used at more than two-thirds of the plants, and they are able to not only effectively neutralize all species of micro-organisms, but also to degrade organic pollutants, in some cases after a double treatment. However, the various chlorine-based chemicals used in water treatment create degradation byproducts (DPs) that can harm the environment and human health [10][11][12][13]. Tightening regulations on disinfection byproducts and residual chlorine are driving up costs for wastewater plants using those workhorse chemistries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peracetic Acid vs. Sodium Hypochlorite: Degradation and Transformation of Drugs in Wastewater

Luongo

Previtera²,

Ladhari

et al. 2020

Molecules

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Numerous substances from different chemical sectors, from the pharmaceutical industry to the many consumer products available for everyday usage, can find their way into water intended for human consumption and wastewater, and can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Thus, the disinfection process is an essential stage in water and wastewater treatment plants to destroy pathogenic microorganisms but it can form degradation byproducts. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common disinfectant, but the most important drawback associated with this kind of compound is the generation of toxic disinfection byproducts. Many studies have been carried out to identify alternative disinfectants, and in the last few years, peracetic acid has been highlighted as a feasible solution, particularly in wastewater treatment. This study compares the transformations of five emerging pollutants (caffeine, tramadol, irbesartan, diclofenac, trazodone) treated with peracetic acid, to evaluate their degradation and the possible formation of byproducts with those obtained with sodium hypochlorite. Although peracetic acid has many advantages, including a wide field of use against microorganisms and a low toxicity towards animal and plant organisms, it is not as effective in the degradation of the considered pollutants. These ones are recovered substantially and are unchanged quantitatively, producing a very low number of byproducts.

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Disinfection by-products and ecotoxic risk associated with hypochlorite treatment of irbesartan

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles

Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles

Amoxicillin in Water: Insights into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions during Chlorination

Peracetic Acid vs. Sodium Hypochlorite: Degradation and Transformation of Drugs in Wastewater

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