Disinhibitory psychopathology in male adolescents: Discriminating conduct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through concurrent assessment of multiple autonomic states.

Abstract

T. P. Beauchaine recently proposed a model of autonomic nervous system functioning that predicts divergent patterns of psychophysiological responding across disorders of disinhibition. This model was tested by comparing groups of male adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder plus conduct disorder (CD/ADHD) with controls while performing a repetitive motor task in which rewards were administered and removed across trials. Participants then watched a videotaped peer conflict. Electrodermal responding (EDR), cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were monitored. Compared with controls, the ADHD and CD/ADHD participants exhibited reduced EDR. The CD/ADHD group was differentiated from the ADHD and control groups on PEP and from the control group on RSA. Findings are discussed in terms of the motivational and regulational systems indexed. Implications for understanding rates of comorbidity between CD and ADHD are considered.

Dissociation of sad facial expressions and autonomic nervous system responding in boys with disruptive behavior disorders

“…Given evidence for RSA as a peripheral index of emotion regulation capabilities (e.g., Beauchaine, 2001;Beauchaine et al, 2007;Porges, 1995Porges, , 1997Porges, , 2001Porges, , 2007, this discordance may indicate that physiological dysregulation plays a central role in the inappropriate affect often displayed by youth with DBDs. In normal samples, expressions of emotion are accompanied by changes in RSA, with aberrant patterns of RSA and RSA reactivity observed among antisocial youth at baseline and during negative emotion induction (e.g., Beauchaine et al, 2001Beauchaine et al, , 2007. The present study extends these findings and demonstrates that boys with DBDs fail to exhibit changes in RSA that are coordinated with their facial reactions to sad emotional stimuli.…”

“…Boys first participated in a monetary incentive and extinction task that lasted approximately 30 min and has been described in detail elsewhere (e.g., Beauchaine et al, 2001). Then, following a 5-min baseline, participants underwent the sad emotion induction procedure.…”

“…Nevertheless, limited speculation is warranted. Prediction of externalizing symptoms by deficits in response coherence between facial sadness and PEP adds to a growing body of literature linking SNS deficiencies specifically to DBDs (e.g., Beauchaine et al, 2001Beauchaine et al, , 2007. One possible yet tentative interpretation is that functional deficiencies within the dopaminergically mediated approach motivational system-which may be indicated by PEP changes to specific stimuli (Beauchaine et al, 2007;Brenner, Beauchaine, & Sylvers, 2005)-are reflected in response desynchrony.…”

“…It is now well known that children and adolescents with DBDs exhibit patterns of underresponsiveness in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS (e.g., Beauchaine, Gatzke-Kopp, & Mead, 2007;Beauchaine, Katkin, Strassberg, & Snarr, 2001;Crowell et al, 2006;Ortiz & Raine, 2004). These findings extend to a number of stimulus conditions, including (a) responding for monetary incentives, (b) viewing escalating conflict scenes among child actors, and (c) viewing both pleasant (pictures of pets or family scenes) and unpleasant (pictures of wounded children and violent scenes) images (e.g., Beauchaine et al, 2001;Herpertz et al, 2005).…”

The Effect of Stress on the Subjective Discomfort and Skin Conductance Level in Adults with ADHD Tendency

“…ADHD 환자의 경우 일반인보다 스 트레스 상황에서 회피하거나 계획성이 부족한 대처 전략을 사용하며, 자신의 정서를 명확히 인식하지 못하고, 부정적 정서를 반추하는 경향이 있는바, 갈등 상황에서 문제가 해결 되지 못한 채 누적될 수 있다는 견해가 제시되었다 (Young et al, 2008;Choi JO, 2013) 한편 스트레스에 대한 생리적 반응을 탐색한 연구들도 진 행되었는데, ADHD로 고통받고 있는 아동이 정상통제군에 비해 정신 스트레스에 대한 코티졸 반응이 둔하였고 (Kaneko et al, 1993;King et al, 1998), 소변의 에피네프린 수 치가 저하되어 있었으며 (Hanna et al, 1996), 피부전도수준 이 약화되는 경향이 관찰되었다 (Zahn et al, 1993;Beauchaine et al, 2001;O'Connell et al, 2004). 또한 심혈관 지표에서도 ADHD 집단이 대조군보다 활성도가 저조한 것 으로 나타났다 (Crowell et al, 2006;Van Lang et al, 2007 (Blanchard et al, 1988;Tulen et al, 1989;Goldstein et al, 1997;Lee BK, 2006).…”