Disparities Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status Over the Transition to Adulthood Among Adolescents and Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum: a Systematic Review

Eilenberg, Jenna Sandler; Paff, Madison L.; Harrison, Ashley J.; Long, Kristin A.

doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1016-1

Cited by 90 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Race/ethnicity-based disparities in autism outcomes persist over the transition to adulthood and likely set up trajectories of service disengagement throughout adulthood. 43 However, studies of autism in adulthood seldom even report on sociodemographic characteristics of participants, let alone consider sociodemographic or cultural factors in conceptual frameworks or analyses. 31 Racial/ethnic minority families experience bias, prejudice, and discrimination within health care systems.…”

Section: Cultural Perspectives On Autism In Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Validity and Generalizability of Adult Autism Research Through Incorporating Family and Cultural Contexts

Long

Gordillo

Orsmond

2020

Autism in Adulthood

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The relatively nascent empirical knowledge base regarding autism in adulthood provides an opportunity to adopt a contextual approach that conceptualizes autism features, outcomes, and supportive services as interactions between the characteristics of the condition and contextual factors across the life course. Although a contextual approach encompasses many aspects of a person's identity and social ecology, we focus here on the closely interrelated family and cultural contexts, which have been poorly integrated into adult autism research. We argue that designing studies with a priori attention to context (e.g., family and culture) will improve the relevance and comprehensiveness of findings, which in turn will improve construct validity and provide a more accurate understanding of autism-related outcomes in adulthood. Similarly, designing and/or selecting measures that have been validated with culturally and linguistically diverse samples will improve the utility of findings and reduce spurious or null effects. More contextually informed methodologies will lead to improved generalizability and practical applications of findings. We offer concrete guidance regarding how to increase the social ecological perspective within adult autism research as it relates to study conceptualization, methodology, and measurement.

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Section: Cultural Perspectives On Autism In Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Validity and Generalizability of Adult Autism Research Through Incorporating Family and Cultural Contexts

Long

Gordillo

Orsmond

2020

Autism in Adulthood

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“…These very important lines of research are limited in their impact when research samples lack diversity. Race/ethnicity, SES, sex, and other demographic variables influence the risk for, and expression of, many psychiatric and other medical conditions; thus, it is not clear if the relationship between symptoms and neurobiology is the same across groups. Greater diversity in cognitive neuroscience studies is needed to serve the treatment needs of a diverse population.…”

Section: Implications Of the Lack Of Diversity In Cognitive Neurosciementioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of diversity in cognitive neuroscience

Dotson

Duarte

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The vast majority of what is known about the neural underpinnings of human cognition comes from studies limited to racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically homogeneous samples. Furthermore, although most studies include both males and females in their samples, sex differences in patterns of brain activity and performance are rarely evaluated. We discuss recent research suggesting that one's socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and sex contribute to individual differences in neural structure, function, and related cognitive performance across a variety of cognitive domains. These studies make it clear that findings from decades of cognitive neuroscience research are likely not generalizable to a population that is much more diverse than the samples tested. We argue that these demographics cannot be ignored if we want to understand the neural substrates of human cognition for the diverse, general population. Cognitive neuroscience has been, and continues to be, used to inform education policy and clinical practice. We argue that greater diversity in cognitive neuroscience research is needed to improve reproducibility and to serve the treatment needs of a diverse population. We discuss the challenges to achieving this goal, including consideration of confounding and correlated variables, recruitment, necessary costs, and best practices for dealing with them.

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“…Despite improvements in screening and diagnosis, autism continues to be underdiagnosed in Black and Hispanic children, 1 and those who obtain a diagnosis often have limited access to support services. 2 Racial disparities persist during the transition to adulthood, with autistic adults from racial and ethnic minority groups experiencing a number of challenges, including lower rates of employment, social participation, and postsecondary education 3 compared with White autistic adults. Although these studies highlight the important intersection between race, ethnicity, and autism, people of color remain consistently under-represented in autism research, 4 and dialogues regarding the impact of racial and ethnic discrimination on autistic people of color have been limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%